Thursday, March 19, 2020
Ubasute yama - Learn from a Story
Ubasute yama - Learn from a Story Ubasute yama is one of the Japanese folktales. Uba means elderly woman and sute means to throw away or discard. Ubasute means abandoning an old woman. む㠋ã â€"〠む㠋ã â€"〠゠ã Å'㠾㠾㠪㠊㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ Å'㠄㠾ã â€"㠟。ã 㠮㠊㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ ¯Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¯â€žÃ£â€šÅ ã Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ «Å'㠄㠧ã â€"㠟。㠂るæâ€" ¥Ã£â‚¬ 㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¦ ¥Ã£ «Ã¥â€º ½Ã¤ ¸ 㠫ç «â€¹Ã£ ¦Ã¦Å" ã‚’ç «â€¹Ã£ ¦Ã¦ ‘ä º ºÃ£ «Ã£ “ん㠪ã “㠨ã‚’å‘ ½Ã£ ˜ã ¾Ã£ â€"㠟。ã€Å'å… Ã¥ ã‚’é Žã Žã Ÿå ¹ ´Ã¥ ¯â€žÃ£â€šÅ 㠯å ± ±Ã£ «Ã¦ ¨Ã£ ¦Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ ¹Ã£ â€"。å ¾â€œÃ£â€š 㠪ã „å ® ¶Ã£ ¯Ã£ ¿Ã£ ªÃ£ â€Ã£â€š ã â€"。ã€ è ª °Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ Å'〠å ® ¶Ã¤ ¸ 㠮も㠮ã Å'æ ® ºÃ£ •ã‚Å'る㠮ã‚’æ ã‚Å'㠦ã€ ä »â€¢Ã¦â€" ¹Ã£ ªÃ£ 㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ ®Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã¤ » ¤Ã£ «Ã¥ ¾â€œÃ£ „㠾ã â€"㠟。㠕㠦〠ã 㠮æ †˜Ã£ §Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨â‚¬ ã „ã Ÿæ ¯ è ¦ ªÃ£â€šâ€™Ã£ ‹ã ‹ã ˆã Ÿè‹ ¥Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£ Å'㠊り〠ã€Å'æ ¯Ã¥ よ。ç § 㠯å… Ã¥ 㠧ã ™ã€‚å ± ±Ã£ «Ã¦ ¨Ã£ ¦Ã£ ¦Ã£ Šã ã‚Å'。〠ã€Å'ã Šæ ¯ ã •ã‚“。ã ん㠪㠲㠩ã „㠓㠨㠯㠧ã 㠾㠛ん。〠ã€Å'éš £Ã£ ®Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£ ®Ã£ Šã °Ã£ ‚ã •ã‚“ã‚‚ã€ å‰ ã ®Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£ ®Ã£ Šã ˜ã „ã •ã‚“ã‚‚ã€ ã‚‚ã †å ± ±Ã£ «Ã¦ ¨Ã£ ¦Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šÅ'㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã€‚æ‚ ©Ã£ ¾Ã£ ªÃ£ 㠦ã‚‚ã „㠄㠧ã ™ã‚ˆã€‚ã€ è‹ ¥Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£ ¯Ã£â‚¬ ã â€"㠶ã â€"㠶æ ¯ è ¦ ªÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¨Æ'Å'ä ¸ 㠫èÆ'Å'è ² 㠆㠨〠å ± ±Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â„¢ »Ã£â€šÅ 㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã Å'ã€ ã‚„ã ¯Ã£â€šÅ æ ¯ ã‚’å ± ±Ã£ «Ã§ ½ ®Ã£ åŽ »Ã£â€šÅ ã « 㠙る㠓㠨㠯㠧ã ã šã€ æ ¯ è ¦ ªÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¨Æ'Å'è ² 㠣㠦〠å ¤Å"㠓㠣ã ã‚Šå ® ¶Ã£ «Ã¦Ë† »Ã£â€šÅ 〠ã ã â€"㠦ã€ è £ 㠮ç ´ Ã¥ ±â€¹Ã£ «Ã©Å¡ ã â€"㠾ã â€"㠟。 æ• °Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£ Ÿã £Ã£ Ÿæâ€" ¥Ã£ ®Ã£ “㠨〠㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ ¯Ã£â‚¬ æ ‘ä º ºÃ£ «Ã§ °Ã£ ®Ã§ ¸â€žÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ½Å"るよã †å‘ ½Ã£ ˜ã ¾Ã£ â€"㠟。ã€Å'ã Šæ ¯ ã •ã‚“。㠊㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ Å'ç °Ã£ ®Ã§ ¸â€žÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ½Å"ã‚Å'㠨㠮ã “㠨㠧㠙。や㠣㠦㠿㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã Å'å‡ ºÃ¦ ¥Ã£ ¾Ã£ ›ã‚“。è ª °Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ §Ã£ 㠪ã „㠨〠å ¹ ´Ã¨ ² ¢Ã£ Å'é «ËœÃ£ 㠪ã‚Š㠾㠙。〠ã€Å'æ ¯Ã¥ よ。ã ã‚Å'㠯ç ° ¡Ã¥ ˜ã §Ã£ ™ã‚ˆã€‚教㠈㠦ä ¸Å 㠒㠾ã â€"ょã †ã€‚ã€ æ ¯Ã¥ 㠯ã€ è ¨â‚¬Ã£â€š ã‚Å'㠟通り〠゠ら㠪ã‚ 㠮è ¼ ªÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ½Å"る㠨〠ã ã‚Å'ã‚’å ¡ ©Ã¦ ° ´Ã£ ®Ã¤ ¸ 㠫å… ¥Ã£â€šÅ'ã€ ä ¹ ¾Ã£ ‹ã â€"㠦ç‡Æ'ã‚„ã â€"〠㠧ã ã Ÿç °Ã£ ®Ã§ ¸â€žÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€¦Å½Ã©â€¡ 㠫㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ ®Ã£ ¨Ã£ “゠㠫æÅ' 㠣㠦è ¡Å'ã 㠾ã â€"㠟。 ã€Å'ã Šä ¸ »Ã£â‚¬ 㠪㠋㠪ã ‹ã‚„る㠪。è‰ ¯Ã£ ‹ã‚ 㠆。ã ã‚Å'㠧㠯ã€ ã‚‚ã †å °â€˜Ã£ â€"é› £Ã£ â€"ã „å• é ¡Å'ã‚’å‡ ºÃ£ 㠆。㠓ã‚Å'㠯ã€ ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£ ®Ã¦ £â€™Ã£ §Ã£ ‚る。㠩㠡らã Å'æ ¹Ã£ ®Ã¦â€" ¹Ã£ §Ã£â‚¬ 㠩㠡らã Å'æž ã ®Ã¦â€" ¹Ã£ ‹ã€ ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ¡Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¤ ¸ 㠫〠㠯㠣ã ã‚Šã •ã ݋ ªÃ£ •ã „。ã€ è‹ ¥Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£ ¯Ã£â‚¬ æ £â€™Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£ «Ã¦Å' ã ¡Ã¥ ¸ °Ã£â€šÅ 㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã Å'〠é€â€Ã¦â€" ¹Ã£ «Ã£ ã‚Å'ã€ æ ¯ 㠫ã Ÿã šã 㠾ã â€"㠟。ã€Å'ç ° ¡Ã¥ ˜ã §Ã£ ™ã‚ˆã€‚æ ° ´Ã£ ®Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã£ £Ã£ Ÿæ ¡ ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å' 㠣㠦ã 㠪ã •ã „。ã€ æ ¯Ã¥ 㠯æ ¡ ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â€ ¨Ã¦â€ž ã â€"ã€ æ £â€™Ã£â€šâ€™Ã ¦ ° ´Ã£ ®Ã¤ ¸ 㠫å… ¥Ã£â€šÅ'㠾ã â€"㠟。ã€Å'è ¦â€¹Ã£ ¦Ã£ â€Ã¨ ¦ §Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ¸â€¹Ã£ «Ã£ ‚ã‚‹æâ€" ¹Ã£ Å'æ ¹Ã£ £Ã£ “㠧ã€ æ µ ®Ã£ „ã Ÿæâ€" ¹Ã£ Å'æž ã §Ã£ ™ã‚ˆã€‚ã€ è‹ ¥Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£ ¯Ã£ ¨Ã£ ®Ã¦ §ËœÃ£ ®Ã¥â€° 㠧〠ç â€Ã£ ˆã‚’è ¨â‚¬Ã£ „㠾ã â€"㠟。 ã€Å'やる㠪。ã ã‚Å'㠧㠯ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€¢ ªÃ©â€º £Ã£ â€"ã „å• é ¡Å'ã‚’å‡ ºÃ£ ã †ã€‚å ©Ã£ ‹ã ªÃ£ 㠦ã‚‚éŸ ³Ã£ Å'å‡ ºÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ© ¼â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¤ ½Å"㠣㠦ã 㠪ã •ã „。ã€ è‹ ¥Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£ ¯Ã£â‚¬ çÅ"Ÿã £Ã© ’㠪é ¡â€Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠦å ¤ ªÃ© ¼â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¦ ºÃ£ ˆã ¦Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£ «Ã¦Ë† »Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ ¨Ã£â‚¬ æ ¯ 㠫助ã ‘ã‚’æ ±â€šÃ£â€š 㠾ã â€"㠟。ã€Å'㠨㠦ã‚‚ç ° ¡Ã¥ ˜ã §Ã£ ™ã‚ˆã€‚å ± ±Ã£ §Ã¨Å"‚ã‚’æ• °Ã¥Å' ¹Ã¦ •ã ¾Ã£ ˆã ¦Ã£ 㠪ã •ã „。ã€ æ ¯ è ¦ ªÃ£ ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ °â€˜Ã£ â€"Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ© ¼â€œÃ£ ®Ã§Å¡ ®Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§ · ©Ã£â€š る㠨〠èÅ"‚ã‚’ã 㠮ä ¸ 㠫å… ¥Ã£â€šÅ'〠㠾ã Ÿçš ®Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§ · ゠㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã€‚å ¤ ªÃ© ¼â€œÃ£ Å'éŸ ³Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§ «â€¹Ã£ ¦Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£â€š 㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã€‚è‹ ¥Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£ ¯Ã©Å¸ ³Ã£ ®Ã£ ™ã‚‹ã Ÿã „㠓を㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ «Ã¦ ¸ ¡Ã£ â€"㠾ã â€"㠟。ã€Å'Ã¥ ‚㠣㠟。ã 㠡㠯ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£ §Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã£ ¤Ã£ ®Ã©â€º £Ã© ¡Å'ã‚’è § £Ã£ „㠟㠮㠋。〠ã€Å'㠊㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£â‚¬ Ã¥ ®Å¸Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â€ ³Ã£ â€"㠾㠙㠨ã€ å• é ¡Å'ã‚’è § £Ã£ „㠟㠮㠯ã€ ç § 㠧㠯㠪ã ã€ æ ¯ è ¦ ªÃ£ §Ã£ ™ã€‚㠊㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¯â€žÃ£â€šÅ ã‚’å ± ±Ã£ «Ã¦ ¨Ã£ ¦Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â€šË†Ã£ †å‘ ½Ã£ ˜ã ¾Ã£ â€"㠟。㠧ã‚‚ç § 㠯〠ã 㠮よ㠆㠪æ ®â€¹Ã©â€¦ ·Ã£ ªÃ£ “㠨㠯å‡ ºÃ¦ ¥Ã£ ¾Ã£ ›ã‚“㠧ã â€"ã Ÿã€‚æ ¯ ã‚’ç ´ Ã¥ ±â€¹Ã£ «Ã©Å¡ ã â€"㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã€‚å ¹ ´Ã¥ ¯â€žÃ£â€šÅ 㠯ã€ ä ½â€œÃ£ ¯Ã¥ ¼ ±Ã£ 㠪ã £ 㠦ã‚‚ã€ è‹ ¥Ã£ „者よりç‰ ©Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã£â€šÅ 㠧㠙。〠㠨㠮æ §ËœÃ£ ¯Ã£ â€"㠰らã è€Æ'㠈㠦〠ã€Å'ã 㠮通りã 㠪。ã‚ ã â€"ã Å'éâ€"“é •ã £Ã£ ¦Ã£ „ã Ÿã€‚ã‚‚ã †å ¹ ´Ã¥ ¯â€žÃ£â€šÅ ã‚’å ± ±Ã£ «Ã¦ ¨Ã£ ¦Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ ®Ã£ ¯Ã£â€šË†Ã£ 㠆。〠ã ã‚Å'㠋らã 㠮å› ½Ã£ ¯Ã£ Šå ¹ ´Ã¥ ¯â€žÃ£â€šÅ ã‚’å ¤ §Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã£ «Ã£ ™ã‚‹å› ½Ã£ «Ã£ ªÃ£â€šÅ 㠾ã â€"㠟。 Romaji Translation Mukashi mukashi, wagamamana otonosama ga imashita.Sono otonosama wa toshiyori ga daikirai deshita.Aru hi, tonosama wa, kerai ni kunijuu ni tatefuda o tatete murabito ni konna koto o meijimashita.Rokujuu o sugita toshiyori wa yama ni suteru beshi. Shitagawanai ie wa mina goroshi.Daremo ga, iejuu no mono ga korosareru no o osorete, shikatanaku tonosama nno meirei ni shitagaimashita.Sate, sono mura de toshioita hahaoya o kakaeta wakamono ga ori,Musuko yo. Watashi wa rokujuu desu, Yama ni sutete okure.Okaasan. Sonna hidoi koto wa dekimasen.Tonari no ie no obaasan mo, mae no ie no ojiisan mo, mou yama ni suteraremashita. Nayamanakutemo ii desu yo.Wakamono wa, shibushibu hahaoya o senaka ni seou to, yama o noborimashita ga, yahari haha o yama ni okizarini suru koto wa dekizu, hahaoya o seotte, yoru kossori ie ni modori, soshite, ura no naya ni kakushimashita. Suujitsu tatta hi no koto, tonosama wa, murabito ni hai no nawa o tsukuru you meijimashita.Okaasan. Otonosama ga hai no nawa o tsukure to no koto desu. Yattemimashita ga dekimasen. Daremo dekinai to, nengu ga takaku narimasu.Musuko yo. Sore wa kantan desu yo. Oshiete agemashou.Musuko wa, iwareta toori, waranawa no wa o tsukuru to, sore o shiomizu no naka ni ire, kawakashite moyashi, dekita hai no nawa o shinchou ni tonosama no tokoro ni motte ikimashita. Onushi, nakanaka yaru na. Yokarou. Soredewa, mou sukoshi muzukashii mondai o dasou. Kore wa ippon no bou de aru. Dochira ga ne no hou de, dochira ga eda no hou ka, ichiryoujitsu ni, hakkiri sasenasai.Wakamono wa, bou o ie ni mochikaerimashita ga, tohouni kure, haha ni tazunemashita.Kantan desu yo. Mizu no haitta oke o motte kinasai.Musuko wa oke o youi shi, bou o mizu no naka ni iremashita.Mite goran. Shita ni aru hou ga nekko de, uita hou ga eda desu yo.Wakamono wa tonosama no mae de, kotae o iimashita. Yaru na. Soredewa ichiban muzukashii mondai o dasou. Tatakanakutemo oto ga deru taiko o tsukutte kinasai.Wakamono wa massaona kao o shite taiko o kakaete ie ni modoru to, haha ni tasuke o motomemashita.Totemo kantan desu yo. Yama de hachi o suuhiki tsukamaete kinasai.Hahaoya wa, sukoshi taiko no kawa o yurumeru to, hachi o sono naka ni ire, mata kawa o shimemashita. Taiko ga oto o tatehajimemashita.Wakamono wa oto no suru taiko o tonosama ni watashimashita.Maitta. Sochi wa hitori de mittsu no nandai o toita no ka.Otonosama, jitsu o moushimasu to, mondai o toita nowa, watashi dewa naku, hahaoya desu. Otonosama wa, toshiyori o yama ni suteru you meijimashita. Demo watashi wa, sonoyouna zankokuna koto wa dekimasendeshita. Haha o naya ni kakushimashita. Toshiyori wa karada wa yoyaku natte mo, wakai mono yori monoshiri desu.Tonosama wa shibaraku kangaete,Sono toori dana. Washi ga machigatteita. Mou toshiyori o yama ni suteru nowa yosou.Sorekara sono kuni wa otoshiyori o taisetsuni suru ku ni ni narimashita. Vocabulary mukashi mukashi æ˜â€Ã£â‚¬â€¦ - once upon a timewagamama ã‚ ã Å'㠾ã ¾ - selfishtoshiyori Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€šÅ - an old persondaikirai Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ «Å'ã „ - to hatearu hi ã ‚ã‚‹æâ€" ¥ - one daykerai Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¦ ¥ a followertatefuda ç «â€¹Ã¦Å" - a signmurabito æ ‘ä º º - a villagermeijiru å‘ ½Ã£ ˜ã‚‹ - to orderyama Ã¥ ± ± - a mountainsuteru æ ¨Ã£ ¦Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to throw awayshitagau Ã¥ ¾â€œÃ£ †- to followkorosu æ ® ºÃ£ â„¢ - to killosoreru æ ã‚Å'ã‚‹ - to get scaredshikatanaku ä »â€¢Ã¦â€" ¹Ã£ ªÃ£ - reluctantly; unwillinglywakamono è‹ ¥Ã¨â‚¬â€¦ - the youthmusuko æ ¯Ã¥ - a sonokaasan ã Šæ ¯ ã •ã‚“ - a motherhidoi 㠲㠩ã „ - terribletonari 㠨㠪ã‚Š- the house next doorobaasan 㠊㠰ã ‚ã •ã‚“ - an old womanojiisan 㠊㠘㠄㠕ん - an old mannayamu æ‚ ©Ã£â€šâ‚¬ - to be worried; to be distressedshibu shibu ã â€"㠶ã â€"ã ¶ - r eluctantlysenaka èÆ'Å'ä ¸ - a backseou èÆ'Å'è ² ã †- to carrynoboru ç™ »Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to climbyahari や㠯ã‚Š- as expectedokizari ç ½ ®Ã£ åŽ »Ã£â€šÅ - leave; desertyoru Ã¥ ¤Å" - a nightkossori 㠓㠣ã ã‚Š- secretlyura è £ - backnaya ç ´ Ã¥ ±â€¹ - a shedkakusu éš ã â„¢ - to hidesuujitsu æ• °Ã¦â€" ¥ - several dayshai ç ° - ashnawa ç ¸â€ž - a ropetsukuru 㠤ã ã‚‹ - to makeneijiru ã 㠘る - to twistnengu Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ² ¢ - a tributetakai é «ËœÃ£ „ - expensivekantan ç ° ¡Ã¥ Ëœ - easyoshieru 教㠈る - to teachwa è ¼ ª - a ringshiomizu Ã¥ ¡ ©Ã¦ ° ´ - salt waterkawakasu ä ¹ ¾Ã£ ‹ã â„¢ - to drymoyasu ç‡Æ'ã‚„ã â„¢ - to burnshinchou æ…Žé‡ - carefullymou sukoshi ã‚‚ã †å °â€˜Ã£ â€" - a little moremuzukashii é› £Ã£ â€"ã „ - difficultmondai å• é ¡Å' - a problemippon ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦Å" ¬ - onebou æ £â€™ - a stickne æ ¹ - a rooteda æž - a branchhakkiri 㠯㠣ã ã‚Š- clearlyie Ã¥ ® ¶ - hometohou ni kureru é€â€Ã¦â€" ¹Ã£ «Ã¦Å¡ ®Ã£â€šÅ'ã‚‹ - to be at a losstazuneru Ã¥ °â€¹Ã£ ã‚‹ - to askoke æ ¡ ¶ - a pailyoui suru 熨æ„ 㠙る - to prepareichiban ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€¢ ª - the firsttataku ã Ÿã Ÿã - to hitoto éŸ ³ - noisetaiko Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ© ¼â€œ - a drummassao çÅ"Ÿã £Ã© ’ - palekakaeru 抱㠈る - to holdyurumeru ç · ©Ã£â€š ã‚‹ - to loosenshimeru ç · ã‚ ã‚‹ - to fastennandai é› £Ã© ¡Å' - a difficult problemzankoku æ ®â€¹Ã©â€¦ · - cruelmonoshiri ç‰ ©Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã£â€šÅ - a knowledgeable personmachigau éâ€"“é •ã †- to make a mistaketaisetsu Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Ë†â€¡ - importantkuni å› ½ - a country Grammar (1) Prefix Ma Ma çÅ"Ÿ is a prefix to emphasize the noun that comes after ma.makka çÅ"Ÿã £Ã¨ µ ¤ - bright redmasshiro çÅ"Ÿã £Ã§â„¢ ½ - pure whitemassao çÅ"Ÿã £Ã© ’ - deep bluemakkuro çÅ"Ÿã £Ã© »â€™ - black as inkmanatsu çÅ"Ÿå ¤ - the middle of summermassaki çÅ"Ÿã £Ã¥â€¦Ë† - at the very firstmakkura çÅ"Ÿã £Ã¦Å¡â€" - pitch-darkmapputatsu çÅ"Ÿã £Ã¤ ºÅ'ã ¤ - right in two (2) Counters Every language has a different way of counting objects; the Japanese use counters. They are similar to English expressions such as a cup of ~, a sheet of ~ and so on. There are a variety of counters, often based on the shape of the object. Counters are attached directly to a number (e.g. ni-hai, san-mai). Following the next couple of paragraphs, I have included counters for the following categories: objects, duration, animals, frequency, order, people and others. Objects When combining a number with a counter, the pronunciation of the number or the counter might change. Click the link for each counter to learn about the phonetic change. hon æÅ" ¬ - Long, cylindrical objects: trees, pens, etc. mai æžš - Flat, thin objects: paper, stamps, dishes, etc. ko 個 - Broad category of small and compact objects hai æ ¯ - Liquid in cups, glasses, bowls, etc. satsu 冊- Bound objects: books, magazines, etc. dai Ã¥ ° - Vehicles, machines etc. kai 階 - The floor of a building ken ä » ¶ - Houses, buildings soku è ¶ ³ - Pairs of footwear: sock, shoes, etc. tsuu 通 - Letters Click here to learn the Japanese Counting Song Ippon demo Ninjin.
Tuesday, March 3, 2020
Universal Solvent Definition
Universal Solvent Definition Technically, a solvent is a component of a solution present in the greater amount. In contrast, solutes are present in a smaller amount. In the common usage, a solvent is a liquid that dissolves chemicals, such as solids, gases, and other liquids. Key Takeaways: Universal Solvent A universal solvent theoretically dissolves any other chemical.A true universal solvent does not exist.Water is often called the universal solvent because it dissolves more chemicals than any other solvent. However, water only dissolves other polar molecules. It does not dissolve nonpolar molecules, including organic compounds such as fats and oils. Universal Solvent Definition A universal solvent is a substance that dissolves most chemicals. Water is called the universal solvent because it dissolves more substances than any other solvent. However, no solvent, including water, dissolves every chemical. Typically, like dissolves like. This mean polar solvents dissolve polar molecules, such as salts. Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules such as fats and other organic compounds. Why Water Is Called the Universal Solvent Water dissolves more chemicals than any other solvent because its polar nature gives each molecule a hydophobic (water-fearing) and hydrophilic (water-loving) side. The side of the molecules with two hydrogen atoms has a slight positive electrical charge, while the oxygen atom carries a slight negative charge. The polarization lets water attract many different types of molecules. The strong attraction to ionic molecules, such as sodium chloride or salt, allows water to separate the compound into its ions. Other molecules, such as sucrose or sugar, arent torn into ions, but disperse evenly in water. Alkahest as the Universal Solvent Alkahest (sometimes spelled alcahest) is a hypothetical true universal solvent, capable of dissolving any other substance. Alchemists sought the fabled solvent, as it could dissolve gold and have useful medicinal applications. The word alkahest is believed to have been coined by Paracelsus, who based on the Arabic word alkali. Paracelsus equated alkahest with the philosophers stone. His recipe for alkahest included caustic lime, alcohol, and carbonate of potash (potassium carbonate). Paracelsus recipe could not dissolve everything. After Paracelsus, alchemist Franciscus van Helmont described the liquor alkahest, which was a sort of dissolving water that could break any material into its most basic matter. Van Helmont also wrote of sal alkali, which was a caustic potash solution in alcohol, capable of dissolving many substances. He described mixing sal alkali with olive oil to produce sweet oil, likely glycerol. While alkahest is not a universal solvent, it still finds use in the chemistry lab. Scientists use Paracelsus recipe, mixing potassium hydroxide with ethanol to clean lab glassware. The glassware is then rinsed with distilled water to leave it sparkling clean. Other Important Solvents Solvents fall into three broad categories. There are polar solvents, such as water; nonpolar solvents like acetone; and then there is mercury, a special solvent that forms an amalgam. Water is by far the most important polar solvent. There are several nonpolar organic solvents. For example, tetrachloroethylene for dry cleaning; acetors, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate for glue and nail polish; ethanol for perfume; terpenes in detergents; ether and hexane for spot remover; and a host of other solvents specific for their purpose. While pure compounds may be used as solvents, industrial solvents tend to consist of combinations of chemicals. These solvents are given alphanumeroc names. For example, Solvent 645 consists of 50% toluene, 18% butyl acetate, 12% ethyl acetate, 10% butanol, and 10% ethanol. Solvent P-14 consists of 85% xylene with 15% acetone. Solvent RFG is made with 75% ethanol and 25% butanol. Mixed solvents can affect miscibility of solutes and may improve solubility. Why There Is No Universal Solvent Alkahest, had it existed, would have posed practical problems. A substance that dissolves all others cannot be stored because the container would be dissolved. Some alchemists, including Philalethes, got around this argument by claiming alkahest would only dissolve material down to its elements. Of course, by this definition, alkahest would be unable to dissolve gold. Sources Gutmann, V. (1976). Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds. Coord. Chem. Rev. 18 (2): 225. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7.Leinhard, John. No.1569 Alkahest. University of Houston.Philalethes, Eirenaeus. The Secret of the Immortal Liquor Called Alkahest or Ignis-AquaTinoco, Ignacio; Sauer, Kenneth and Wang, James C. (2002) Physical Chemistry. Prentice Hall p. 134 ISBN 0-13-026607-8.
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