Tim Hortons Company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Tim Hortons Company Analysis EssayThe Tim Hortons chain was founded in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario. The chains focus on top quality, always sporting product, value, great service and community leadership has allowed it to grow into the largest quick service eatery chain in Canada specializing in always fresh chocolate, baked goods and lieu style lunches. The first Tim Hortons restaurants offered further two products coffee and donuts. The selection of donuts to enjoy was highlighted by two original Tim Hortons creations, the Apple Fritter and the Dutchie. They became the most popular donut choices in the 60s, and remain two of the most popular today.But as consumer tastes grew, so did the choices at Tim Hortons. The biggest change in the chains product focus took get off in 1976 with the introduction of the phenomenally successful Timbit (bite-sized donut hole), today available in over 35 different varieties. The chains growth into the 1980s brought more or less a whole s eries of new product introductions muffins (1981), cakes (1981), pies (1982), croissants (1983), cookies (1984), and soups amp chili (1985). Sandwiches, which were originally introduced in 1993, were re-introduced as a new and improved line-up of 6 varieties, called Tims Own, in 1998.Also, in the 1990s, bagels (1996), flavoured cappuccino (1997), Cafe Mocha (1999) and Iced Cappuccino (1999) were introduced. In 2003, the Turkey Bacon Club sandwich and Maple Pecan Danish were successful menu additions. In 2005 Tim Hortons introduced, Yogurt amp Berries, cinnamon Roll and Hot Smoothee to the menu. Many new great products were added to the menu in 2006 such as the Chicken Salad Wrap and the hot Breakfast Sandwich (eggs, blimp or bacon, processed cheese on a toasted home style biscuit).The chains biggest drawing card remains its legendary Tim Hortons coffee. To ensure the coffee is always fresh, Tim Hortons serves its coffee within 20 minutes of being brewed or its not served at all. T he premium blend is in addition available in cans, as argon Tim Hortons hot chocolate and flavoured cappuccinos, allowing guests to enjoy these great tasting products at home. GLOBAL RESTAURANT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT The first Tim Hortons restaurant was opened in 1964 by Tim Horton, a National Hockey League All-Star defenseman.In 1967, Tim Horton and Ron Joyce, then the operator of 3 Tim Hortons restaurants, became partners and together they opened 37 restaurants over the next 7 years until Tim Hortons death in 1974. Mr. Joyce became the sole owner in 1975. In the early 1990s, Tim Hortons and Wendys, now have by The Wendys Company (Wendys), entered into a partnership to develop real estate and combination restaurant sites with Wendys and Tim Hortons restaurants under the same roof in North America. In 1995, Wendys purchased Mr.Joyces interest in the Tim Hortons ashes and incorporated the company known as Tim Hortons Inc. , a Delaware corporation (THI USA), as a wholly owned subsidi ary. In 2006, Tim Hortons became a standalone public company pursuant to an initial public offering and a subsequent spin-off of its special K stock to Wendys stockholders finished a stock dividend on September 29, 2006. Tim Hortons restaurants operate in a variety of formats. Tim Hortons meter restaurant locations typically range from 1,000 to 3,080 square feet.The non-standard restaurant locations allow small, full-service restaurants self-serve kiosks, typically with a limited product offering, in offices, hospitals, colleges, airports, grocery stores, gas and other(a)(a) convenience locations drive-thru-only units on smaller pieces of property and full-serve locations in sports arenas and stadiums that operate only during on-site events. Also Tim Hortons true co-branded locations in its restaurant system. Tim Hortons is party to an agreement with Kahala Franchise Corp. the franchisor of the Cold Stone Creamery brand, pursuant to which Tim Hortons has exclusive using righ ts in Canada. Tim Hortons is withal party to an agreement with Kahala Franchising, L. L. C. in the U. S. , pursuant to which Tim Hortons has the right to use the Cold Stone Creamery trademarks in specified locations in the U. S. The growing process for each standard restaurant location typically takes 12 to 18 months. Development of non-standard restaurants and self-serve kiosks usually requires much less time.Tim Hortons typically oversee and direct all aspects of restaurant development for system restaurants, from an initial review of a locations demographics, site access, visibility, traffic counts, mix of residential/retail/commercial surroundings, competitive exercise, and proposed rental/ self-control structure, to considerations of the performance of nearby Tim Hortons locations, projections of the selected locations ability to meet financial return targets, restaurant owner identification, and physical land development and restaurant founding and construction costs.As at December 30, 2012, the number of Tim Hortons restaurants across Canada, some(prenominal) standard and non-standard locations, which for this purpose includes self-serve kiosks, totalled 3,436. Standard restaurants constitute slightly 71. 4% of this total. In the U. S. , Tim Hortons has a regional presence with 804 restaurants, including self-serve kiosks, in 13 states, concentrated in the Northeast in New York and Maine, and in the Midwest in Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania with standard full-serve restaurants representing approximately 59. % of all U. S. restaurants. Notably, Tim Hortons owns, rather than leases, the land underlying a higher percentage of standard system restaurants in the U. S. than in Canada. Restaurant owners operated substantially all of Tim Hortons restaurants both in the CANADA and U. S Recently Tim Hortons has granted a master license to Apparel in the GCC States of the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman, which is primarily a royalty-ba sed model, together with on-going supply chain margin and an upfront license fee.Apparel is responsible for capital spending, real estate development, operations, dissemination and marketing. At the end of 2012, there were also 190 and 55 Tim Hortons kiosks in the Republic of Ireland and United Kingdom, respectively, which generally offer self-serve premium coffee, tea, specialty hot beverages and a selection of donuts and muffins at gas and other convenience locations. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMTim Hortons distribute items to its restaurants through 5 distribution centres located in Langley, British Columbia Calgary, Alberta Kingston, Ontario Guelph, Ontario and Debert, Nova Scotia. The Guelph and the Kingston facilities distribute frozen, refrigerated and shelf-stable products and dry out goods to restaurants in our Ontario and Quebec markets. Under the franchise arrangements, each Canadian restaurant owner is required to purchase substantially all food and other products, such as cof fee, sugar, and restaurant supplies, from Tim Hortons or it designated suppliers and distributors.Canadian and U. S. restaurant owners and foreign licensee are also required to purchase par-baked Maidstone Bakeries products from either Tim Hortons or an outside distributor, depending upon the restaurant location. Tim Hortons own or lease a significant number of trucks and trailers that regularly deliver to most of its Canadian restaurants. Tim Hortons uses third-party distributors to deliver all products to U. S. restaurants and to deliver to certain limited geographic areas of Canada.The international licensee, Apparel, is responsible for local delivery of all products in its market in the GCC through the use of third-party distributors. BUSINESS MODEL Tim Hortoms primary business model is to refer potential restaurant locations, develop suitable sites, and make these new restaurants available to approved restaurant owners. As at December 30, 2012, restaurant owners operated 99. 5% of Tim Hortons system wide restaurants. Tim Hortons directly own and operate (without restaurant owners) only a small number of company restaurants in Canada and the U.S. Tim Horton also have warehouse and distribution operations that supply paper and dry goods to a substantial majority of its Canadian restaurants, and supply frozen baked goods and some refrigerated products to most of its Ontario restaurants and Quebec restaurants. In the U. S. , Tim Hortons supply similar products to system restaurants through third-party distributors. Tim Hortons operations also include coffee roasting plants in Rochester, New York, and Hamilton, Ontario, and a fondant and fills manufacturing facility in Oakville, Ontario.These vertically integrated manufacturing, warehouse, and distribution capabilities benefit Tim Hortons restaurant owners and are important elements of Tim Hortons business model which allow it to improve product quality and consistency protect copyrighted interests facilita te the expansion of our product offerings control availability and timely delivery of products provide economies of scale and labour efficiencies and generate additional sources of income and financial returns. Tim Hortons have a unique, layered business model that adds to the scale and success of its system.First, franchising takes account of more than 99% of Tim Hortons restaurant system. Tim Hortons have a long-standing history of building positive relationships and collaborating with its restaurant owners to grow collective business. Restaurant owners typically operate an average of 3 to 4 restaurants and have a significant stake in the success of the restaurants they operate. Second, Tim Hortons hold ons a controlling interest in a significant majority of the real estate in the full-serve restaurant system in North America to maintain brand integrity and control development.Third, Tim Hortons operates with a we fit anywhere concept that allows it to adapt brand presence to tak e advantage of both standard and non-standard development opportunities. Fourth, Tim Hortons leverages significant levels of vertical integration that exist in the system. MANUFATURING Tim Hortons has 2 wholly owned coffee roasting facilities in Rochester, New York and Hamilton, Ontario, to blend all of the coffee for restaurants.Tim Hortons also own a facility that produces fondants, fills, and ready-to-use glaze, which are used in connection with a number of the products produced in its Always Fresh baking system. Until October 2010, Tim Hortons owned a 50% joint-venture interest in Maidstone Bakeries. Maidstone Bakeries continues to manufacture and supply all par-baked donuts, Timbits and selected breads, following traditional Tim Hortons recipes, as well as European pastries, including Danishes, croissants, and puff pastry.Those products are partially baked and then flash frozen and delivered to system restaurants, most of which have an Always Fresh oven with the Companys propr ietary technology. The restaurant completes the baking process with this oven and adds final finishing such as glazing and fondant, allowing the product to be served warm to the guest within a few minutes of baking. The Company interchange its 50% joint-venture interest in Maidstone Bakeries to its former joint-venture partner, Aryzta, for gross cash proceeds of $475 million in October 2010.For additional information regarding Maidstone Bakeries, see Source and Availability of knifelike Materials below. TIM HORTONS IN U. S We continued to focus on accelerating the time it takes to create critical mass for convenience and advertising scale in our most developed U. S. markets, primarily through deployment of the substantial majority of our U. S. restaurant development capital into core growth markets to increase awareness of the brand.We also continued to seek other marketing means, such as community involvement, sponsorships, event site product agreements and other forms of communi cation, to supplement traditional advertising to reinforce our brand position with guests and to reach out our brand awareness as a Cafe and Bake Shop destination and sought to complement our U. S. standard format restaurant development activity with non-standard formats and locations through strategic partnerships and relationships. In 1995, Tim Hortons merged with Wendys International, Inc. giving new focus and impetus to the expansion of the Tim Hortons concept in the United States. Tim Hortons locations can presently be found in Michigan, Maine, Connecticut, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New York, with responsible expansion continuing in these core markets. The Canadian operation is 95% franchise owned and operated, and plans in the U. S. call for the same key strategy to be implemented as expansion progresses. Currently, there are more than 3,000 restaurants across Canada, and over 600 locations in the United States.In March 2006, Tim Hortons completed an initial public offering of the company and was fully spun off as a separate company as of September 29, 2006. Tim Hortons trades on the NYSE and TSX (THI). As one of the largest publicly traded quick service restaurant chain in North America based on market capitalization, and the largest in Canada, Tim Hortons has 4,264 system wide restaurants, including 3,436 in Canada, 804 in the United States and 24 in the Gulf Cooperation Council as of December 30th, 2012.Since the early 1990s, Tim Hortons and Wendys organise a partnership, owned on a 50/50 basis, and jointly developed the real estate underlying combination restaurants in Canada that offer Tim Hortons and Wendys products at the same location, typically with separate restaurant owners operating the Tim Hortons and the Wendys portions of the restaurant. The combination restaurants have separate drive-thrus, if the site allows for drive-thrus, but share a common

Backward Design Essay Example for Free

Backward Design EssayDeliberate and reduceed instructional design requires us as teachers and curriculum writers to make an important shift in our thinking about the nature of our job. The shift involves thinking a great deal, first, about the precise learnings sought, and the try out of such(prenominal) learnings, to begin with thinking about what we, as the teacher, go forth do or provide in breeding and learning activities. Though considerations about what to teach and how to teach it may dominate our thinking as a matter of habit, the chall(a)enge is to focus first on the desired learnings from which appropriate teaching will logically follow. Our lessons, units, and courses should be logically inferred from the results sought, not derived from the methods, books, and activities with which we be most comfortable. Curriculum should lay out the most effective ways of achieving specific results. It is analogous to travel planning. Our manakin sounds should provide a set of itineraries deliberately designed to meet cultural goals rather than a purposeless tour of all the major sites in a foreign country. In short, the best designs derive retroflexed from the learnings sought.The appropriateness of this ascend becomes cle ber when we consider the educational purpose that is the focus of this book understanding. We bednot say how to teach for understanding or which material and activities to use until we are rather clear about which specific understandings we are after and what such understandings look like in practice. We can best decide, as guides, what sites to go our student tourists reckon and what specific culture they should experience in their brief eon there only if we are clear about the particular understandings about the culture we requirement them to take home. Only by having specified the desired results can we focus on the content, methods, and activities most likely to achieve those results. But many teachers begin with and p illow focused on textbooks, favored lessons, and time-honored activitiesthe inputsrather than deriving those means from what is implied in the desired resultsthe output.To put it in an odd way, too many teachers focus on the teaching and not the learning. They spend most of their time thinking, first, about what they will do, what materials they will use, and what they will fill students to do rather than first considering what the apprentice will deprivation in order to accomplish the learning goals. Consider a typical episode of what might be called content-focused design instead of results-focused design. The teacher might base a lesson on a particular topic (e.g., racial prejudice), select a resource (e.g., To Kill a Mockingbird), choose specific instructional methods based on the resource and topic (e.g., Socratic seminar to discuss the book and cooperative groups to analyze stereotypical images in films and on television), and hope thereby to cause learning (and meet a few English/language arts standards).Finally, the teacher might think up a few adjudicate questions and quizzes for assessing student understanding of the book. This approach is so common that we may well be tempted to reply, What could be wrong with such an approach? The short answer lies in the basic questions of purpose Why are we asking students to read this particular novelin other words, what learnings will we leavek from their having read it? Do the students delay why and how the purpose should influence their studying? What should students be expected to understand and do upon reading the book, related to our goals beyond the book? Unless we begin our design work with a clear insight into larger purposeswhereby the book is properly thought of as a means to an educational end, not an end unto itselfit is unlikely that all students will understand the book (and their performance obligations).Without being self-conscious of the specific understandings about prejudice we seek, an d how reading and discussing the book will help develop such insights, the goal is far too vague The approach is more by hope than by design. such an approach ends up unwittingly being unrivaled that could be described like this Throw some content and activities against the wall and hope some of it sticks. Answering the why? and so what? questions that older students always ask (or want to), and doing so in concrete terms as the focus of curriculum planning, is thus the essence of understanding by design. What is difficult for many teachers to see (but easier for students to feel) is that, without such explicit and transparent priorities, many students find day-to-day work confusing and frustrating.The twin sins of traditional designMore generally, weak educational design involves two kinds of purposelessness, visible throughout the educational world from kindergarten through graduate school. We call these the twin sins of traditional design. The error of activity-oriented design might be called hands-on without being minds-onengaging experiences that lead only accidentally, if at all, to insight or achievement. The activities, though fun and interesting, do not lead anywhere intellectually. Such activity-oriented curricula lack an explicit focus on important ideas and appropriate evidence of learning, especially in the minds of the learners. A second form of aimlessness goes by the progress to of coverage, an approach in which students march through a textbook, page by page (or teachers through lecture notes) in a valiant attempt to skip all the factual material within a prescribed time.Coverage is thus like a whirlwind tour of Europe, perfectly summarized by the old delineation title If Its Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium, which properly suggests that no overarching goals inform the tour. As a broad generalization, the activity focus is more typical at the unsophisticated and lower middle school levels, whereas coverage is a prevalent secondary school and college problem. No guiding intellectual purpose or clear priorities frame the learning experience. In neither case can students see and answer such questions as these Whats the point? Whats the big idea here? What does this help us understand or be able to do? To what does this relate? Why should we learn this? Hence, the students try to engage and follow as best they can, hoping that meaning will emerge.The three stages of retracted designStage 1 Identify desired resultsWhat should students know, understand, and be able to do? What content is worthy of understanding? What enduring understandings are desired? In Stage 1 we consider our goals, examine established content standards (national, state, district), and review curriculum expectations. Because typically we have more content than we can reasonably address within the available time, we must make choices. This first stage in the design process calls for clarity about priorities.Stage 2 Determine acceptable evidenceHow will w e know if students have achieved the desired results? What will we accept as evidence of student understanding and proficiency? The backward design orientation suggests that we think about a unit or course in terms of the collected assessment evidence needed to history and validate that the desired learning has been achieved, not simply as content to be covered or as a series of learning activities. This approach encourages teachers and curriculum planners to first think like an assessor before designing specific units and lessons, and thus to consider up front how they will determine if students have attained the desired understandings.Stage 3 Plan learning experiences and instructionWith clearly identified results and appropriate evidence of understanding in mind, it is now the time to fully think through the most appropriate instructional activities. Several key questions must be considered at this stage of backward design What modify knowledge (facts, concepts, principles) and skills (processes, procedures, strategies) will students need in order to perform effectively and achieve desired results? What activities will equip students with the needed knowledge and skills? What will need to be taught and coached, and how should it best be taught, in light of performance goals? What materials and resources are best suited to accomplish these goals? Note that the specifics of instructional planningchoices about teaching methods, sequence of lessons, and resource materialscan be successfully completed only after we identify desired results and assessments and consider what they imply. Teaching is a means to an end. Having a clear goal helps to focus our planning and guide purposeful action toward the intended results. ConclusionBackward design may be thought of, in other words, as purposeful task analysis Given a worthy task to be accomplished, how do we best get everyone equipped? Or we might think of it as building a wise itinerary, using a map Given a desti nation, whats the most effective and efficient alley? Or we might think of it as planning for coaching What must learners master if they are to effectively perform? What will count as evidence on the field, not merely in drills, that they really get it and are ready to perform with understanding, knowledge, and skill on their own? How will the learning be designed so that learners capacities are developed through use and feedback? This is all quite logical when you come to understand it, but backward from the perspective of a great deal habit and tradition in our field.A major change from common practice occurs as designers must begin to think about assessment before deciding what and how they will teach. Rather than creating assessments near the conclusion of a unit of study (or relying on the tests provided by textbook publishers, which may not completely or appropriately assess our standards and goals), backward design calls for us to make our goals or standards specific and co ncrete, in terms of assessment evidence, as we begin to plan a unit or course. The rubber meets the road with assessment. Three different teachers may all be working toward the same content standards, but if their assessments vary considerably, how are we to know which students have achieved what? Agreement on needed evidence of learning leads to greater curricular coherence and more reliable evaluation by teachers. every bit important is the long-term gain in teacher, student, and parent insight about what does and does not count as evidence of meeting complex standards.

Teamwork Essay Example for Free

Team change by reversal EssayAndrew Carnegie a famous businessman, the King of Steel once verbalise Team fashion is the ability to seduce together toward a common vision. The ability to direct individual accomplishments toward organizational objectives. It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results . Some people akin to work independently, while others would prefer to work in a group. Is it more important to be able to work with a team or to work independently? Depending upon different personal traits and running(a) environment, people will collapse different answers to this question. However, working as a group to complete an assignment and working alone to complete the assignment seem totally opposite. One obvious difference is working method. When you work alone, you potty do everything in your own way. You rear end work independently without having to depend on other peoples opinions. Moreover, you have to make a clear plan for your work as wel l as garnish your time to finish the assignment logically to achieve the best performance. In contrast, when you work in groups, work will be assigned specificly to team members, each(prenominal)(prenominal) member takes a different job.Team work requires effort of all members, if a member doesnt accomplish his job well, it will affect the work of all group. Each member oneself should understand that one person is a part of team but not separate individual. In addition, servicinging each other to complete progress of work is necessary though that task is not belonging to ones job. The final result is all teams efforts. Therefore, teamwork requires all member must have a sense of responsibility for their work. The second difference is working result. Admittedly, working in groups will very much more efficient than working individually.The most effective team are able to solve complex problems more easily than one person can, for galore(postnominal) capable minds are brought to bear on an issue. Having a team involved in a certain task is more productive than assigning it to plainly 1 person. Together, they can brainstorm their ideas and discuss the possible outcomes of each. Two heads are better than one. A group working in tandem will of all time provide better, faster results than an individual working alone. An other importance difference is your benefit when you choose to work in groups or work alone.When you work alone, you can improve your dependence because no one can help you. According to team work, you can learn many merits from others and improve your disadvantages. Some people have a great attitude to solve many difficult problems, like patience and honor. Additionally, when you work in a group, you also have a luck to express your ideas and have the comment from others. Its the good way to improve your presentation skills and certainly your knowledge also. That is why Henry Ford rightly said Coming together is a beginning.Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. In summary, although teamwork and individual work have something different, these two skills are unceasingly important to us. Having work independent skill, you always gain initiative and make yourself decision in your work or own life. Meanwhile the teamwork skill help the team collect original various ideas from different individuals and finally reap the fruit, especially you also learn useful experiences from other members. In order to jazz and work well, the above skills are two practical and effective.

Situation Simulation in Nursing | Research

Situation Simulation in Nursing ResearchINTRODUCTIONBackgroundIn treat education, good example is a principal(prenominal)stay for clinical study (Tanner, 2006), particularly in the aras of safety, trouble solving, and communication (Durham Alden, 2008). Also simulation-based education leads to ameliorated egotism-confidence in doing (Cant and Cooper, 2010)According to Jefferies (2005), successful learning using simulation requires alignment of the design, teaching activities, competencies, and learning outcomes. The case scenario, including simulations of actual clinical problems, provides an interactive learning environment, engaging students in the learning process and encouraging them to make connections between and among concepts. Environmental interactivity and feedback typically is achieved through the use of a high-fidelity forbearing simulator supplemented with role-play techniques (Good, 2003).Although simulation has been used successfully, more(prenominal) t han recently, in medical and trade for education programs (King Reising 2011 Tan, Ti, Ho, Lee, 2002), its use as an evaluative tool is still not fully developed. Student reckon evaluation is a very important step during simulation-based employ. There is limited research in the use of simulation in nursing education and the evaluation of student readiness (Reed, 2010).The instrument, developed by Jenkins (1985), is a self-report measure in which respondents argon asked to draw processes or strategies used in deriving clinical decisions. Because one used for evaluating the quality, the inclemency of a commonsplace self-report measure would be questionable.Faculty evaluation of student surgery was found to be the primary evaluation method, with student report of performance second and evaluation of videotaped performance third (Nehring Lashley,2004). Radhakrishnan et al.(2007) described using simulation to measure out clinical cleverness performance in several areas sa fety, basic appraisal, prioritization, problem- focalizeed assessment, ensuing interpositions, delegation, and communication.Lasater (2007) also developed Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR) based on Tanners Clinical Judgment Model (noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting). The LCJR defines what is meant by noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting with 11 dimensions with cardinal scurf levels. Although, LCJR has relevance for all clinical contexts, including acute foreboding, long-term care, and community health (Lasater, 2007), for simulation evaluation with emergency situation such(prenominal) as asthma, competency evaluation in clinical decision making should be undertaken. It is reported in both the nursing and medical literature (Edwards, 2007 Ottestad, Boulet, Lighthall, 2007) that authentic-time observation whitethorn be necessary to appropriately evaluate clinical decision making because it can reveal contextual and communication factors that m ay not other(a)wise be uncovered. Furthermore, to enhance the effectiveness of simulations in nursing education, a reliable and valid evaluation instrument is needed to measure students performance.Asthma mostly leads to emergency conditions because it shows off-and-on(a) respiratory relapses and unpredictable occurrences. Especially, if asthma continues for a long time, it can progress into chronic lung disease and affected role can sustain suffering (Ko et al., 2010). Therefore it has to be considered as first priority problem in nursing care and nursing students must be prepared to provide emergency nursing care with high-fidelity simulation experiences for caring endurings with asthma. Accordingly, simulation modules may help to provide a comprehensive understanding of asthma and asthma worry. The purpose of this article are (a) to develop a scenario for diligents with asthma for simulation education of nursing students, (b) to develop the evaluation checklist, and (c) to evaluate students performances.METHODSDesignThis call for is a methodological study to evaluate students performance according to developing and applying of simulation scenario for unhurrieds with asthma in emergency units.Context and ParticipantsThe study was conducted at a regional school of nursing that offers a Bachelor of Nursing program in South Korea. In 2013, following ethics approval, third year (N=112) nursing students undertaking their first simulated learning experience were informed near the study. Total participants were divided 28 groups and the member of each group was 4 students (the role of doctor, nurse1, nurse2, family). The allocation of team and participants role was depute by randomization.The participants ages ranged from 20 to 24 years. The majority of students (88.9%) were women.Development process of asthma scenario with algorithm and evaluation checklistnursing journals (Poirier et al., 2000 Sarrell et al., 2002 Walsh et al. 2006). Issues included signs and symptoms of dyspnoea, coughing with sputum, and anxiety link up to the validity of the simulation evaluation by expert review. This scenario was based on a real dyspnea case with asthma that had occurred in emergency magnetic core of public hospital.To evaluate student performance in simulation, a team of researcher developed a template of an evaluation tool to include key elements from simulation course objectives. The following tierce main contents were identified patient safety (infection control and error identification), communication, and overcritical thinking related to patient assessment, problem identification with nursing diagnosis, and handling with evaluation. The events of evaluation checklists were selected, reviewed, and analyzed by 9 expert panel including 2 internal medicine doctors, 3 emergency center nurses, and 4 nursing educators. All items of checklist include a core set of key behaviors expected in this simulation course. The evaluation check list based on trio main contents (patient safety, communication and critical thinking) was hypothesize according to nursing processFinally, 4 items were deleted and 24 items reached by consensus (Table 1). The preparation subdomain consisted of three checkpoints, while the assessment subdomain was divided into seven checkpoints. Three nursing problems were included in the problem identification subdomain. The intervention with evaluations subdomain consisted of eleven checkpoints (Table 1). The evaluation checklist mark off was based on a 3-point Likert scale (1 not fulfill, 2 partially fulfill, 3 fulfill). The higher the evaluation checklist tick off, the higher the performance rating.Content validity is an important part of scale study because the results gained from an instrument with high representative nature are more reliable (Waltz Bausell, 1981). Content Validity Index (CVI) is a commonly used indicator of scale validity and in particular content validity. A content va lidity test was conducted with 10 nurses who worked in a medical-surgical unit in one of the three frequent hospitals sampled each had at least three years of experience in the unit. According to Lynn (1986), an expert panel ideally includes about ten people. separately expert checked validity using the 4-point Likert scale 1 means not formalise at al, 2 means not validate, 3 means validate and 4 means very validate. There were 24 items in total the mean score of each item ranged from 3.30 to 3.90. The results of the Content Validity Index were above 80% (Waltz Bausell, 1981).Data collectionA 20 minute scenario requiring students to use their clinical reasoning ability to separate and respond to a deteriorating patient with asthma was presented. Four nursing students were engaged in the simulation at the same time. One operator and one instructor observed the simulations from the control room. Evaluators had simulation exercise for conformity degree of evaluation using cardina l group students selected for evaluation practice. The evaluation of students performance was completed two times, immediately following simulation practice and reviewing of video-recording by two instructors. For accurate evaluation, evaluators rechecked and discussed item by item to decrease evaluation bias replaying video. Their performance was evaluated as a group.Data analysis methodCollected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) to calculate descriptive and t-test statistics for the evaluation checklist.RESULTSAlgorithm with a scenario of simulation-based asthma managementThe simulation-based asthma scenario in this study was developed to identify and solve patients problems applying nursing skills and utilizing critical thinking. Development of this scenario was based on a real dyspnea case with asthma that had occurred in an emergency center.1. Learning objectiveLearning objectives were formulated as followsExplain pathophysiology of asthmaAs sessment of asthma patientExplain medication and effects of asthma drugIdentified nursing diagnosis based on critical thinkingEffectively communicate with the patient and colleagueImplementation of evidenced based adequate nursing interventions2. Development of a simulation-based asthma scenarioThe contents of scenario based on four steps was formulated preparation, assessment, problem identification, interventions and evaluation. The preparation subdomain was consisted of the preparation content that should be cared for patients who admitted to emergency unit. The assessment subdomain were included in check the headspring complaint, identify symptom related to chief complaint (dyspnea pattern, cyanosis, delayed expiration, pallor, color of mucus membrane, check SpO2, identify vital signs, auscultate respiratory sounds, check EKG rhythm with cardiorespiratory monitoring equipment), and identify past history. Problem identification subdomain organized that student can be present nur sing diagnosis related to asthma 1) Ineffective airway head related to unwarranted secernment, 2) Ineffective take a breath pattern related to airway obstruction, 3) Anxiety related to dyspnea.Intervention and evaluation were organized pointing on the nursing process for dyspnea care(high fowlers position), encourage of deep breathing (pursed-lip breathing, abdominal breathing), notify doctor and receive treatment order, administration of O2 and medication, nursing care for dyspnea control(drainage sputum with coughing), reassess patients condition(vital signs repeatedly, SaO2, EKG monitoring, respiratory status, physical examination, , SpO2, ABGA), germinate coping behavior when symptoms are aggravated(deep breathing, coughing, drinking water, and aging nurses), moderate patient and family with therapeutic communication(explain easy, listening, relieve anxiety, communicate clearly with peers), arrange materials and instruments and wash hands, and record the nursing implement ations.3. Development of algorithmThe algorithm proceeded as follows patient safety (Step 1) and critical thinking and communication(Step 2)(Figure 1).Evaluation checklistThe evaluation checklist consisted of four subdomains based on nursing processes preparation, assessment, problem identification, intervention, and evaluations. The mean score of each subdomain is sh cause in Table 1.Table 1. nub of Items of Developed Evaluation ChecklistThe total mean score of the evaluation checklist was 2.39 ( .15). The mean score of each subdomain was as follows preparation 2.05(.49), assessment 2.52 ( .33) problem identification 2.74 ( .33) intervention and evaluation 2.22 ( .30).The interobserver reliability between evaluators (Cohens Kappa score) was 0.949 % and there were no statistical significant differences among each item.The evaluation of students performanceIn the subdomain of preparation, students showed the highest mean score in the item identify patient by name care and asking (2. 46.54) while the lowest item was introducing self to the patient his/her parent(s) (1.68.86). In the subdomain of assessment, the strong practice areas that student was well done were identify vital signs (2.93.26) while the lowest mean score was auscultate respiratory sounds (2.11.73). In the subdomain of problem identification, the highest mean score was ineffective breathing pattern related to airway obstruction (2.93.83) while the lowest mean score was ineffective airway clearance related to excessive secretion (2.55.74). In the subdomain of interventions and evaluations, the highest mean score was notify doctor and receive treatment order if needed while the lowest mean score was educate coping behaviors when symptoms are aggravated (1.93.60).DISCUSSIONIn this study, the contents of simulation was formulated with asthma situation which is the most high frequency and required nursing care with education to improve an appropriate coping ability of nursing students. For this, the 3rd year students who have experienced only suppositional learning about respiratory care were selected to identify clinical performance ability according to learning objectives. So, the contents of scenario in this study was focused to achieve clinical performance ability of nursing students with three main contents (patient safety, communication and critical thinking)There are few studies which was dealt with respiratory problem. A simulation scenario for emergency care of patients with dyspnea used by Hur Park (2012) included only contents to train theoretical education as the nursing process. In case of other research dealing with simulation case for patients with asthma in emergency units (Ko et al, 2010), the contents of scenario was formulated into five categories as follows problem recognition, focused assessment, nursing diagnosis, intervention and problem resolution. However, there was a limitation about testing clinical performance ability.We send word that three doma ins and contents of a scenario developed in this study are more suitable to improve students clinical performance.Lindsay(2010) suggest that measuring the performance of nursing care directly is more effective than using psychological variables as testing the effect of simulation learning.The evaluation checklist used in this study was developed to examine students critical thinking as well as their knowledge and skills in proper nursing care and validated by expert panels. The evaluation domain, which fully implements high-fidelity simulations, offers information to nursing educators about students learning outcomes. The use of simulations to evaluate clinical ability provides a more direct correlation to actual clinical settings than other commonly used forms of evaluation. The evaluation indicated that the focus was on performance rather than learning. The studys evaluation checklist would also be a useful and established guide for nursing educators evaluating student performance through simulations. This checklist describes the general evaluation process and clarifies the evaluations target subject and procedure. This encourages students to repeat checkpoint reviews, lead story to the correction of earlier mistakes. The effect of reviewing past checkpoints creates an integrative, rather than a static learning experience (Reed, 2010).To test evaluation validity, the consensus between evaluators was identified and showed almost similar evaluation results with no statistical significant difference.In the domain of patient safety, students showed the highest mean score in the item identify patient by name care and asking, while the lowest item was introducing self to the patient his/her parent(s). This result implies that anticipateing to introduce oneself to patient before caring patients as a part of simulation education is necessary. The research (Kim et al., 2013) which was developed simulation-based fever management module and evaluated student perfor mance showed that introducing self to the patient his/her parent(s) was identified as the lower mean score among other evaluation items. These similar results suggest that noticing themselves to the patient is so important to protect patients safety.In the domain of critical thinking and communication, the strong practice areas that student was well done were identify vital signs in assessment, ineffective breathing pattern related to airway obstruction in problem identification, and notify doctor receive treatment order if needed in interventions and evaluations. However the timid practice areas which education and practice will be needed were auscultate respiratory sounds in assessment, ineffective airway clearance related to excessive secretion in problem identification, educate coping behaviors when symptoms are aggravated in interventions and evaluations.It is required that students needs high level practice of assessment and performance skill with critical thing. Jeffries ( 2005) suggests that simulation education through direct participation and prompt feedback is effective learning method to reinforce clinical performance ability. In this study, theoretical class and orientation about simulation situation was given before simulation practice to nonplus more effective nursing intervention. As a next step, students could enhance the strong point and make up week areas in the process applying nursing care with direct participation. Based on this result, we suggest that integrated simulation approach after learning of theoretical knowledge and nursing skill training could be effective education method to improve clinical performance ability and critical thinking of nursing students. The study of Kim et al (2007) supports these aspects that simulation education is more effective than lecture focused on knowledge and simple skill practice in acquisition clinical performance skill of nursing students.CONCLUSION This study could provide a clinical performan ce or starting point for educators who desire to introduce simulation as teaching-learning strategy with high-fidelity simulation experiences for caring patients with asthma. The results provide evidence to support the integration of simulation as an effective teaching strategy that helps to improve nursing students safety, problem solving, and communication in applying clinical skills using evaluation checklist.Annotated Bibliography word picture of Women in the MediaAnnotated Bibliography Portrayal of Women in the MediaLiterature ReviewThe last 20 years has been a steady increase in the number of women professionals, although most common in the media concern, politics and the economy continues to rely on men as experts in. Mostly Women portrayal watchword stories about accidents, natural disasters, or domestic force instead of their professional capabilities or proficiency. Women in politics are similarly sidelined. Canadian journalist Jenn Goddu analyzed newspaper and magazin e 15 years on the treatment of three womens lobby groups. She found that journalists in all probability more focus on the domestic issues of the politically participated fair sexs life (such as their fashion, routine life and way of living and dealing) rather than her point on the issues.Pdf _______________________________________________-04http//www.mediaawareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/index.cfmArpita Sharma, canvass the Portrayal of Women in Mass Media in India. He verbalise that Indian sate have a free and responsible press. He investigated the issue women were sold in Eluru of Andhra Pradesh that issue news published in 1998. On such kinds of incidents he found two major aspects. One is women still only sold and purchased and unwanted away(p) if you cursed suffer discrimination and degrading of women in various parts of the country may be a reflection of goods is considered one of the eateries. Second, alone only a few sensational newspapers flashed on issues, emp hasizes the role of the media in public construction. Usually, it is determined the place in the newspaper. He added that in India a few newspapers are running womens page that represents the smasher tips, recipes and fashion.He also studied the womens magazines seek constantly to lead the feminine energies in narrow channels and define their concerns, concerns and aspirations within imposed arbitrarily role model of womens work. Apart from the looks and dresses stress it comes to the development of the mental faculties and the behavior in a way that they can fit into womens masculine dominated brotherly structure. He studied the structure of the stories in magazines and described that women are described with the ambition of life get a straight man and his retention at all costs.The media advocacy group studied, the womens and mens news and current affair programs (1994) they stated that women have traditionally been associated with areas limited relationship programs. Even tho se women call their exterior prettified setting can be seen to give their views on topics related to home and family.In conclusion words, Sharma says that Media in India not to discuss serious issues related to women and womens roles in society is equal to its own rights and makes a sufficient effort to ready to play. To change this situation, the benefits and disadvantages of the bride and the media constantly monitor is required.Arpita, Portrayal of Women in Mass MediaThe news media is changing to reflect their increasing womens pattern in political status as elected representatives and community participation and and in the altogether Zealand national policy is clear. But it does not mean that the old sawing machine applies better. Every day on television, radio broadcasts and print media increased visibleness of women, in politics, structural, systematic gendering. This time, however, Women themselves with tolerance, gendering of tolerance and the representation of women in politics sexist media feeds. The media does not reflect the truth in politics or outdated, the ladies sexist estimates and words and concepts are mired in the private sphere about womens place (van Acker, 1999).New Zealand while on top of the world in terms of womens political resources are represented as instances of the trivialisation and condemnation, and continue to occur, in some cases, trivial media portrayals of women sedulous by the public relations strategies for political gain. I would suggest. Neglect, in its original form, dotted with high-profile women in the contemporary political scene, but the evidence is less germane(predicate) to the concept of womens perspectives, is still in some places is omitted. Journalism educators in the 21st century in terms of visibility/invisibility of gender theory, news and media, you must reboot for the quality of less represented.Susan Fountaine, Judy McGregor, Reconstructing gender for the 21st century News media framing of polit ical women in New ZealandWith more than 50 State Capitol pile each year representing the women, many women politicians have noted that the same treatment is not allowed, such as media men. In a study of women politicians on the news focuses on character traits and its policy more arguments less than male colleagues for that.03. News coverage of female politicians focuses on personality, males on the issuesDate July 3, 2013, Source SAGE PublicationsDunaway et. al studied the Traits versus Issues How womanly Candidates Shape Coverage of Senate and Gubernatorial Races, in the State Elections of 2006 and 2008 elections, approximately 10,000 newspaper articles covering the data collected across the USA. The study authors Dunaway et. al, the focus in terms of the political stated that the net change between the races. The previous literature and their own expectations, in General, women candidates are racing against male races more likely the property feature stories.They found that On ly 6% of the time and the character traits to choose coverage problems% 34.5 time, male-female issues from time to time the races, properties,% 10.8% focused on articles and only male selections, 33.0 character properties is focused on the issues from time to time,% 9.4% 32.1 found stories stories. The researchers concluded that, personal features and properties of the candidates with a more focused news races women candidates and finding the Governor campaigns especially stark.J. Dunaway, R. G. Lawrence, M. Rose, C. R. Weber.Traits versus Issues How Female Candidates Shape Coverage of Senate and Gubernatorial Races. Political Research Quarterly, 2013 DOI10.1177/1065912913491464In nature, this paper adopted the content analysis method. This did it begins with the small Big Naira Kobo, entrepreneurship is a leading national newspaper in Nigeria, a property of the column to explore womens participating in the media frame Because he was selected to work in the newspaper business desk signature page column. Analysis, paper print media framing, enhancing their socio-economic empowerment for Women Entrepreneurship is important for the world as a tool that can serve as the finish.Therefore, the Mission of go a real instrument of social change punch newspaper to fulfill this while maintaining his begins with the small Big Naira Kobo column property of the affirmative image you will have to increase the numerical quota framework womens characterization, frame. To the extent that these are three of the four women featured in the successful entrepreneur, the punch is acting as a complementary agency of women empowerment, Women womens ability to use their own aspects of the control is defined while they participate in the way of effective group work for social change.Samuel Okere, Justina Sam-Okere, Print Media Framing of Women in Entrepreneurship Prospects for Women Empowerment IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 9, Issue 6 (Mar. Apr. 20 13), PP 31-38 e-ISSN 2279-0837, p-ISSN 2279-0845.The depiction of women in the Indian media, its just a bad time is rude. Newspapers to give news about rape, crime, politics, scandals, sports and Economy, serious discussions and debates on womens issues in General is completely missing. Local media reported the woman Gets a share of only pages where the colorful portrayal of a plentitude of players in the TV serial or movie stars, as well as some of the warm welcome, and pin-up about the grapevine. The British press, hot babes snaps and party-Mania lives on the provision of very erotic Photo Gallery star hotels. Even sports stars are a way of depicting their physical attraction photos.The woman in the Indian media, be it Movies, TV series, news, media, Visual advertising, or modernized traditional media, social science research and studies of people indeed for a space is a big concern. Some studies have found women (status and equality of opportunity) the inevitable social issues r elated to the sensational stories of crime stories in the newspapers about women with less than nine percent between 52 to 63 percent. (Nitin Jugran Bahuguna)Dr. Sanjeev K. Sharma Depiction of Women in Indian Media- A case of Introspection for Media Planners. Published in Samaj Vigyan Shodh Patrika, Amroha, Vol. I, No.1, April-Sep.2005, pp.32-36Grant (2013) argued that analysts tend to think in terms of two broad categories visibility, reporting and quality. How much a person shows the visibility or discussed, and how important is placed in a newspaper or news broadcast coverage.Women election participants from time to time get a lot of news coverage due to their novelty value because they associate with powerful man, as in the case of Chow, who married with former NDP leader Jack Layton is mentioned in every newspaper stories according to Grant analyses of coverage of the 2006 Canadian federal election. Such kind of women coverage portrayal women as different because of their sex, likely average of as the men view however, it is not clear that it would be a direct electoral drawback for women. In fact, depending on the quality of the coverage more coverage may be useful for candidates.Grant also found in his study that important issue ofhowmen and women news story are covered differently. He stated that coverage of female candidates usually fall under the four categories sex object, mother, pet, and iron m emboldenen, each of which is equal to the representation of women in politics more generally, as well as for the danger of gender equality.However, Iron Maiden is another popular and at the same time, the male toughness while unwomanly implicitly criticized the women candidates is my discovery book news, intruder behavior with exaggerated. This news depiction of women politicians, aggressive behavior is actually harmful to the voter may be to find the book for the evaluation.He concluded that when a woman goes on the distasteful, voters evolutes her news stories more negatively, and a result that was not produced for her male comparators in this portion of the study. The general attitude and reporting directly link between news media under the cross-hairs of women assessing the political.Grant. G, Elizabeth News Media Coverage of Elections Contributes to Womens Political Under-Representation 2013 http//womensuffrage.org/?p=22202The study focused on womens issues related to the Newspapers by the welcome. The two daily newspapers in Hindi, Amar Ujala Jagran Danik is taken to work and . Both papers published and in Dehradun (capital of Uttarakhand state) circulation of Uttarakhand. Researcher analyized the newspapers about equality womens issues such as Health, education, informal harassment, violence against women, police brutality and crime-related issues. All kinds of printed material on these issues articles, news, analysis, opinions, Editor, the letter was taken for analysis as a separate column, and and so forth the year 2006 was selected to examine the contents of the newspaper.Newspapers are less indicates that the percentage of womens issues. Usually, the newspaper is a good place for an eye-catching image of women in the news property, or ads. Womens issues in terms of sexual harassment such as more coverage to violence, crime and police brutality than the equality health, education, health coverage. The newspapers give a high rate of sexual abuse against women, developmental problems and other issues less coverage than this issue. The analysis also indicates that the given space vs. equality, health, womens education, as well as other topics to Newspapers by negligible. The newspaper society in a changing world does not provide a balanced picture of womens diverse lives and contributions to the data. He concluded that participation, representation and advancement of women in the media and its impact on access and use, and as a tool for empowerment of women.Dr Vandana Nautiyal Mr Jitendra Dabral WO MEN ISSUES IN NEWSPAPERS OF UTTARAKHAND Global Media Journal Indian Edition/ISSN 2249-5835 , Summer Issue / June 2012 Vol. 3/No.1Women in the absence of mass circulation Urdu language newspaper in a way that is evident in the ranking(prenominal) ranks, in addition to smaller circulation in shaping social attitudes which the province plays a very important role in the regional press. Independent press, but applications of self-censorship and ethics, the outlook varies according to demand and audience made the newspapers. For example, while some shun the violence and disregard for others are projecting to highlight the needs of the people. The main concern in a way that the projection of women. Even while direct damage, this time the female victim, rape, wife-beating and humiliation of names through print, photo or both, always hinted at this without the permission of their privacy by. Objections to grow poor especially disadvantaged and often made outcast.ReferencesButt Mourion (1 996) studied the portrayal of women in general press, is practically non-existent with the exception of magazine sections and limited news. The Womens lack of realism in private press and exhibits extreme offers the sad situations with fantasizing or is over-whelming portrayal. In addition, the scope of women in rural production, womens education, health, etc. is your own level of performance compared to the low level. The woman seems to be unaware of the needs of communities, and the private press skill does not address the various layers in a positive direction, whereby, in a variety of trades and social assistance programs is displayed, and a comprehensive and realistic way to portray positive women taught in different areas of our society contributes to this by the media projected us and women real projection would be a turning point for the progress and development of Women in the country.Butt, A. G. Mourion (1996). Portrayal of Women in the Communication Media, Lahore Pakista n Womens Institute.Gibbons (2006), in her latest study of women in journalism, found that women continue to be the breaking and making news away from the second sex. Radio, television and newspaper content on the same day, a full day after 76 countries that ignore the issues and resources for underrepresented and sometimes downright notice, regardless of the medium also commented. Women outnumber men as newsmakers in single big news. The effect of gender-based violence, intense women even stories like inserts the judge is the voice of a man. This report, women second class status, grossly, and in general the judge reveals.Gibbons, S. (2006) Womens Lowly News Status Is a Global Insult Women News, Run Date 02/22/06, http//www.womensenews.org/article.cfm?aid=2646, Retrieved on 19th July, 2006Tiongson (1999), presented an outline of Isis International-Manila, Violence against Women in Media, a media pack, March 1998. She said that the depiction of women in the media that the victims, n urturing, selfless, obedient, and dependent, his mother and his wife, being heterosexual, sex-object, whore, mistress in Asia the characteristic was consistent, she said and also contributing to the development process, many women workers, farmers and professionals. To make matters worse, some members of the media tend to the efforts of womens organizations or alleviate the cartoon. News womens visibility is often sensational stories, rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence and other violence-related.She further assumed that Asian media stereotypes, inaccurate and Biased media portrayal of women persistent content and pictures of stereotypical and traditional roles of women, thus perpetuating antique and sexist gender identities, and to strengthen the relationships between men and women. Constant negative portrayal of women and freedom of expression in print, broadcast and Film screening has require a license for. This is an insult to womens portrayal of the nature of, in fact , its hard to pinpoint in the last few years has been more subtle and insidious.

Development of Sustainable Dwellings in Wales

Development of Sustainable Dwellings in WalesThis study focuses on the development of a sustainable retrofit plan for a typical dwelling house in Wales. There ar two parts that have been discussed in this report. The first section is a full development plan to reduce the r laster live with a budget of 30K and the second is a calculation of carbon footprint of a building element (wall insularism somatics).The project was predicted to achieve 70% reductions in carbonic acid gas emissions for a cost of some 26K.Furthermore, the strength cost would be reduced by 85% if the development plan was implemented in full. stridewise approach has been used to measure the effect. Replacing the warming system and adding more insulation for the roof, walls and floor are considered the signifi johnt improvement of the project with comely requital periods.The embodied carbon dioxide emission for three different insulation materials has been calculated. Rockwoollen has the lowest rate 8 33 kg co2e compared to 875, 1737 to the Sheeps wool and Expanded Polystyrene respectivel1.1 Background1.1.1 IntroductionIndeed, at that place is a huge pressure on g ein truthwherenments to reduce their nursery hit man emissions. Paris agreement, is a recent agreement within the building blocked Nations Framework congregation on mood Change, was agreed to keep the global warming below 2C (1). British government aims to have an 80% reduction by 2050. This agency a huge improvement is needed in energy efficiency of our existing dwelling. The recent report shows that over 45% of total greenhouse emissions were emitted from dwelling building (2).The domestic sector accounted for 29 % of the total energy consumption in 2015(3).Furthermore, residential was ranked the fourth in the amount of greenhouse gas emission according to national statistics(4) the figure below show the greenhouse gas emission by different sectors.Figure (1) Greenhouse gas emission by sector (DECC), UK, 20141.1 .2 The propertyThis house was built in 1930s and has three bedrooms with South-West facing and located in Wales.The external walls are cavity wall with plaster however without any insulation, the floor has no insulation, the roof is slate tiles with 50mm insulation between the rafters. The windows are double glazed, with a 6mm bank line gap, PVC frames and with U value of 2.8.The doors are also PVC frame with U value of 2.8. The heating system is an old mains gas boiler with 65% efficiency, the capacity of hot water tank 120 litre.1.1.3 Performance prior to refurbishmentThis house has a SAP rating of 45, below the national average of 48 and therefore there is a need to improve its performance to achieve 80 % of reduction in emissions as well as the yearbook fuel cost. This could be achieved by reducing the heat loss through the walls, floor, roof as well as windows and doors.1.2 Development planThere are two factors that are set to dramatically transform the way in which building was designed and fabricated in the early twenty-first century-insulation and energy. There is a need to maximise the insulation levels of the buildings while at the same time rethinking the ways in which building consumes the energy needed to run them.Step 1 Upgrading the heating system Modern boilers are more efficient because they burn the fuel very efficiently. The fuel grapheme also has a direct push on reducing the fuel bill as well as carbon emissions. The condensing gas boiler (90% efficacy) with room thermostat is the best alternative in this matter.Step 2 Insulating the roof, floor and wallsThe challenge in adding insulation levels in domestics is to choose the right materials that fit for purpose. Understanding the properties of the materials and when it is suited to fitting in the attic quadriceps femoris is es moveial. Moreover, price, fire safety, chemicals involved and end of life should also be considered when choosing the material (5).- home Phenolic foam insula tion would offer the best performance of any readily available panel (6). It also has less impact on room size where dry-lining is considered. Kingspans Kooltherm phenolic is the good option for floors. The designed U value for floor is 0.2 W/m2K.-Cavity wall insulation Filling the cavity gap between the inner and outer blocks with appropriate insulation material has been considered. However, it is extremely likely that insulating the cavity alone will not be enough to achieve the required U-values. For this reason, adding internal or external insulation should also be concerned to achieve the targeted U-value. The designed u value for injected insulation with external wall insulation (Rockwool) is 0.49 (W/m2K).-Roofs mineral wool insulation is highly recommended for roof insulation, clx mm is added between rafters and ampere-second mm below them. The designed U value in this case is 0.15 (W/m2K).Step 3 Minimising infiltration (disuse chimneys, draught proofing). airing is needed in traditional buildings to help the fabric breathe. Chimneys would have contributed greatly to the ventilation rate, so it is assured, in some cases, that chimneys could to be left open to get subjective ventilation. However, disused chimney, if left fully open, will often cause more heat loss. It also endure let water in, if it is uncapped. Some methods butt be recommendedCAPS a cap at the top of a chimney will prevent water ingress but allow through ventilation. However, caps can cause huge damage and be very dangerous if they blow off in case of windy weather.Balloons is the quickest and cheapest way to close of a flue that is not being used, but it is awkward and dirty when removing and reinstalling them in place.Step 4 Reducing the energy consumption for inflaming (LED).LED lighting is extremely energy efficient technology and has changed the future of lighting worldwide. The residential LED lighting use less 70% energy and last 25 times longer life (7). The value of lig hting gain in the SAP calculation (67) was reduced by 70% of the original value.Step 5 Installing renewable sources (PV panel).The solar photovoltaic (PV) has many advantages that a householder can benefit from. The main benefit is to cut electrical energy bill as well as sell the left over electricity to the grid. Not to mention, the sunlight is free and that means nearly zero carbon footprint (8). It is advised the Monocrystalline system with 20% efficiency is required to generate around 2700kWh annually. This system requires 21 square meter roof space and makes saving around 12p/kWh from electricity bill. However, if a householder doesnt use the electricity produced, exported to grid or store it in batteries are the only two options available. The storage technology has been ignored because the cost and complexity with installing at dwelling. The exported tariff is 3.1 p/kWh, but this figure could be ignored as the power generated by the system would be captive by the site deman d.Step 6 UPVC triple glazing windowsThe huge heating loss in domestics occurs through windows. There is a growing range in this area to improve the thermal performance of this element. Triple glazing is the best options that could be considered to achieve the reduction target. This element has an excellent U-value (one or less) which provide a falloff in energy consumption as well as reducing CO2 emissions.Step 7 UPVC high efficient doorIt is suggested that the original doors on the property, with a U-value of 2.8 W/m2.K, should be replaced with a high performance triple glazed door, reducing the U-value of the surface by 65%.1.3 Alternatives optionsOther systems were also considered but rejected due to the cost-effectiveness as well as the project size. For exampleMechanical ventilation with heat seey (MVHR) is widely used for highly energy efficient buildings in the UK. However, the complexity to install and the high capital cost, the system was ignored.Under floor heating is a modern technology that allows the householder to esteem the luxury of the warm floor during the winter. In other hand, under floor system is pricey to install in retrofit house and more demanding to maintain if any problem occurs.Wind turbine roof-mounted and freestanding mast wind turbines are two types that can be installed in the project. The micro wind turbine was rejected because the space limitation, the turbine noise and save the birds in the local area.1.4 Analysis and evaluationSAP rating the graph (1) illustrates the improvement of the SAP rating though the development plan. It is distinctly seen that the property has been developed from 45.65 to over 90 and that means the house can achieve band B in the EPC.CO2 emissions rate As it can be seen from the graph (2) below, a significant decrease in CO2 emissions though the development plan. The house would benefit of 70% reduction on CO2 emissions as the plan reduced CO2 emissions rate from 71.35 to below 22.77.Energy cost The annual fuel cost has been reduced from 1354 to below 200 as graph (3) indicates. A reduction of 85% of annual energy bill will be achieved if the designed plan is implemented.The projects budget was 30K however, the full money washed-out in this plan is around 26K. The simple payback method has been used for financial evaluation. The full plan will require 20 years to recover the cost of the project.The plan is designed in stepwise to achieve higher performance as well as keep the cost low as much as possible. The graph (4) shows that SAP rating improvement against the cost for each step. Replacing windows and doors would cost over 7000 and 1000 respectively with having longer payback periods (graph 5), that took them to the end of the list.Note Full data can be found in the appendix (table 3). chart (1) SAP rating during the development planGraph (2) CO2 emissions rate through the development planGraph (3) Annual energy cost through the development planGraph (4) SAP improveme nt vs. CostGraph (5) Simple payback calculation for development plan1.5 ConclusionThe project will benefit significantly by replacing the heating system as well as adding more insulation for the roof, floor and walls. However, replacing windows the doors have slight effect on the house performance as it costs more with less benefit.Installing photovoltaic panels will make a huge impact on the project performance. It would make saving over 55% from the energy bill if 3 KWp panel was installed.2.1 IntroductionThe thermal resistance provided by insulation materials used in the building fabric means that the energy savings from insulation made during the operation of the building far outweigh its embodied environmental impacts. Also, insulation products tend to have a very low density and, therefore, when reviewed in a building context, only relatively small masses of materials are used. However, if insulations are not assessed with a whole-building life-cycle approach they whitethorn n ot appear to be an inherently low environmental impact material, because of the resources and energy used during manufacture, the use of blowing agents and the lack of reuse/recycling at the end of life. This study will illustrate the environmental impact of three different types of insulation it also provides the carbon footprint calculation for the project that was refurbished in the array 1.2.2 Literature surveyThe Green guide classifies the insulation used in the construction intoNon-renewable organic-based insulation much(prenominal) as expanded polystyrene (EPS) this material has conductivity 0.038 W/mK, density 37 kg/m3. It is a rigid, open cell form of polystyrene blown with pentane. EPS is a thermoplastic polymer, so can be reprocessed and recycled more good than thermoset polymers. Most process waste is recycled but there is limited recycling of postconsumer packaging.Renewable organic plant/animal-derived insulation such as Sheeps wool insulation it has conductivity 0. 039 W/mK, density 25 kg/m3. The sheeps wool that is not suitable for textiles, is used for insulation. The wool needs to be scoured, requiring energy and water, and the resulting pesticide correspondence from the sheet dip needs treatment. Binders and polyester fibre are required, as well as chemical treatment to prevent moth attack.Mineral wool insulation such as Rockwool is a medium density insulation product of 45 kg/m3 and has a thermal conductivity of 0.044 W/mK. Rockwool is made of 77% new raw material mainly in the form of diabase, gotland stone, lime stone, cement and bauxite. The remaining 23% are classed as waste materials.End-of-life issues for insulationMany insulation types are recyclable at end of life, but do not currently have any recycling system in place for material recovered from construction, refurbishment or demolition. There is evidence that some insulation waste from construction is incorporated elsewhere within the building, rather than being sent for disp osal. For most materials, the impact associated with end of life is the disposal impact measured by BRE relating to the amount of material landfilled or incinerated. The BRE methodology also includes the emissions associated with incineration and landfill, including burning of landfill gas. For renewable materials, the end-of-life stage can have a significant impact if the sequestered carbon is released back into the environment through incineration or decay in landfill. skirt (1) End-of-life waste destination (reference 11)InsulationEnd of life waste destination (%)LandfillIncinerationRecycledExpanded polystyrene (EPS)9091Sheeps wool10000Rockwool4010502.3 Carbon footprint calculationThe construction carbon calculator is used to determine the environmental impact for insulation materials. This cats-paw was downloaded from the governments website (12).CO2 emissions calculationThe table below shows the total amount of co2 emissions for the three types of insulation.Table (2) Carbon f ootprint calculation for EPS, Sheeps wool and RockwoolReferenceUnitExpanded PolystyreneSheeps woolRockwoolWall aream2110110110Insulation thicknessAssumptionm0.10.10.1Volume of insulationm3111111DensityRef (13)kg/m3372545Masskg407275495Waste 5%Assumptionkg427.35288.75519.75Carbon coefficientRef(14)kgco2/kg3.432.091.12Embodied CO2kg co2e1465.8105603.4875582.12BoundaryRef(14)cradle to gatecradle to gatecradle to grave entrance of materialManufacturer website200 miles from Kent by road175 miles from Liverpool by roadNonTransport Embodied CO2kg co2e19190Waste destinationRef(11)90% landfill100% landfill50% landfillWaste masskg366.3275259.875Waste Embodied CO2kg co2e3.193.481.7Transport of wasteAssumptionmiles100100100Transport waste Embodied CO2kg co2e0.20.20.2 impart waste Embodied CO2kg co2e3.393.681.9Energy consumedAssumptionKwh200200200 kit and caboodle CO2 emissionskg co2e119119119Project duration (days)Assumption333Travel CO2 emissionskg co2e130130130Totalkg co2e1737.2005875.1675833 .022.4 ConclusionAs it can be seen from the previews calculation, the highest embodied CO2 emission is Expanded Polystyrene because of the higher carbon coefficient and end-of-life issue. For that reason EP is out of consideration. Sheeps wool is natural source, absorbing and releasing moisture without decreasing its thermal insulating properties. However, it has more CO2 emissions than Rockwool which also take it out of thought. In addition to Rockwool has less embodied CO2 emissions, it has excellent thermal insulation with more flexibility to install. Mineral wool has also superior fire resistance as well as interrupt acoustic properties.The Paris Agreement main page (2001) Available at http//unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php (Accessed 14 February 2017).DECC (2011), The Carbon Plan Delivering Our Low Carbon Future, p.29.Department of Energy and Climate Change. Digest of United Kingdom energy statistics (DUKES). Available at http//www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistic s/ publications/dukes.Government Statistics (no date) Available at http//4.https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/496942/2014_Final_Emissions_Statistics_Release.pdf (Accessed 14 February 2017).Technology Strategy Board, 2014. Reducing energy use in existing homes, a guide to making retrofit work. RETROFIT FOR THE FUTURE, 1, 15.D Pickles, I Brocklebank C Wood, 2010. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS Open fires, chimneys and flues. nglish Heritage, 1, 17.LED Lighting Department of Energy. 2017. LED Lighting Department of Energy. ONLINE Available at https//www.energy.gov/energysaver/led-lighting. Accessed 15 February 2017.R. Sadgrove S.Pester, 2014. facility of photovoltaic panels on existing flat roofs some lessons learned. BRE Information Papers, IP 8/14, 7.SEI, Retrofitted Passive Homes, 2009. Retrofitted Passive Homes Guidelines for upgrading existing dwelling in Ireland. Retrofitted Passive Homes, 1, 15.Shorrock L D and Utley J I. Dome stic energy fact file 2003,BRE BR 457. Bracknell, IHS BRE Press, 2003.K Albury J Anderson , 2011. Environmental Impact Of Insulation . BRE TRUST, 2011. 10Government Website. 2007. reflexion Carbon Calculator. ONLINE Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency/about/procurement. Accessed 28 February 2017.http//jablite.co.uk. 2016. Jablite EPS . ONLINE Available at http//jablite.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Jablite-EPS.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2017.Sheep Wool Insulation Premium. 2016. Sheep Wool. ONLINE Available at http//www.sheepwoolinsulation.ie/products/premium_insulation_technical.asp. Accessed 28 February 2017.Prof.Hammond Jones, Prof.G and C, 2011. The stock-take of Carbon and Energy (ICE). 1st ed. UK University of BathTable (3) Full data of the development planCurrentStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7Overall Assignment ResultsCurrentNew boilerInsulated FloorInsulated wallsInsulated roofMinimising infiltrationLED lightingPV panelU PVC Triple glazingUPVC doorDwelling volume (m)223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6Effective air change rate1.22611.22611.22611.226141.22610.668780.66880.66880.668780.668784Ventilation type24d24d24d24d24d24d24d24d24d24dFabric heat loss (W/K )309.66309.66213.77130.25123.37123.37123.37123.3784.2882.28Total fabric heat loss (W/K )339.06339.06243.17159.65152.77152.77152.77152.77113.68111.68HLP (W/mK )4.23774.23773.29172.467692.39981.994061.99411.99411.608411.588676Heat gains from water heating, (kWh)1489.61489.61489.61489.651489.61489.651489.61489.61489.651489.648Average interior gains (W)485.09485.09485.09485.085485.09485.085468.49468.49468.494468.4936Average Solar gains (W)339.96339.96339.96339.956339.96339.956339.96339.96254.967254.9673Mean Internal temperature (C)17.53417.53418.06318.640218.69519.053519.04319.04319.372319.39251Space heating requirement in kWh2/m2/year203.94203.94160.8119.082115.4591.337592.20192.20172.931971.72854Efficiency of main space heating system 1 (in %)0.660.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Efficiency of water heater0.660.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Fuel for water heating, kWh4281.23139.53139.53139.543139.53139.543139.53139.53139.543139.544Electricity for pumps, fans and electric keep-hot0000000000Electricity for lighting (calculated in Appendix L)284.43284.43284.43284.428284.43284.42885.32885.32885.328385.32833Energy saving/generation technologies0000000-2700-2700-2700Average Fuel costs (p)8.3358.3358.3358.3358.3358.3358.3359.3069.3069.306Additional standing charges174174174174174174174174174174Total energy cost1354.51050.7

Consumer impulsive buying behavior

Consumer impulsive get appearanceAbstractIn this assume, we investigate the family between gross sales packaging and consumer impulsive buy behavior in Retail Industry of Pakistan. More preciseally, we investigate whether there is a positive descent between sales forwarding and consumer impulsive acquire behavior or not? For this purpose we charter conducted 80 Questionnaire from Metro, Macro and Hyper Star Located in Lahore, Pakistan for our look into project. We give measured sales publicity by trio dimensions that atomic number 18 (1) length of offer period, (2) incentives and (3) return policy while customer impulsive buy behavior by three dimensions that ar (1) income level, (2) worth of crossway and (3) tendency to spend. We have used Questionnaire as a tool for the collection of data in order to prove our hypothesis. Afterwards we have applied the regression and correlation technique, which have given us the result that there is a positive relation betwee n Sales Promotion and automatic get carriage. In the end we discussed that our investigate goes in support of our literature re spot that we have conducted before starting our project.Keywords Sales Promotion, Consumer Impulsive Buying deportmentINTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWIn this era of globalization, competition has become more intense than ever. Every merchandise campaign tries to win the support of the consumers that the harvest-home of the organization is entailed to process them and is the best to meet their expectations. If the purpose is successfully attained the consumers acknowledge the production of the organization and colligates specific benefits to the product (Murphy Enis, 1985).Consumer routinely faces the decision problem of what product to bribe, from where to secure and in what total to bribe. Moreover, the decision is complicated by consumer characteristics ( e.g., income, age, gender, corrupt frequency etc) and by temporary scathe reductions for var ious products and by the fact that the size of the toll reductions varies across deals. These bell reduction (sales promotion) techniques locoweed affect the decisions of different consumers differently. For example, price reduction might cause steels switching to one segment without any put on purchase timing and quantity, while heartening another segment of grade-loyal consumers to buy debauched and more of the product. Common sense experience and formal economic psycho abbreviation suggests that a consumers decision on product and purchase quantity may depend on the size of the price reduction and the time until the next price reduction (Blatberget, 1978).Interest in the study of sales promotion is increasing due to the acceleration of promotional expenditures. Three-fourth of the marketing budget in almost of the consumer product companies is for sales promotions. Sales promotions be a potential tool because it workplaces on behavioral level and most of the sales pro motion techniques directly jar the decision making process and thus purchase decision. Sales promotion is capable of shift in behavior because it transforms the price-value relationship that a product or service offers a buyer (Schultz, Petrison Robinson). pp 1- 6Manufacturers ar spending more money on sales promotion as compared to advertisement due to the quick and direct pertain of sales promotions on sales volume (Blattberg, Briesch and Fox 1995).There are several reasons why advertising has become less egressive. The ontogeny diversity of the population of consumers makes it more difficult to reach a mass audience with a single message. Moreover, the cost of advertising media has grown faster than the count of inflation, hardly its poweriveness has fallen as television channels, magazines, radio stations, and websites proliferate, and as consumers take assure of their exposure to ads with remote control devices. It has become increasingly dearly-won and difficult to build scrape awareness and brand loyalty. According to Kahn and McAllister (1997), it has almost become impossible to build brand awareness and brand loyalty by advertising. Furthermore, a result of the overwhelming product proliferation is that the distinctions between brands have become blurred. These (and other) developments have driven manufacturers and retailers marketing mix expenditures towards sales promotions. (e.g., Lal and Rao 1997, Bell and Lattin 1998) Investigating the consume results from sales promotion expenditures on individual consumers buying behavior is the mainspring of our study.1.2 Sales PromotionsSales promotions are action-focused marketing events whose purpose is to have a direct touch on the behavior of the firms customers. There are three major(ip) types of sales promotions consumer promotions, retailer promotions, and trade promotions. Consumer promotions are promotions offered by manufacturers directly to consumers. Retailer promotions are promotion s offered by retailers to consumers. Trade promotions are promotions offered by manufacturers to retailers or other trade entities (Blattberg and Neslin 1990). This thesis is focused on promotions offered to the consumer, therefore a combination of consumer and retailer promotions. Throughout the world, sales promotions offered to consumers are an integral part of the marketing mix for many consumer products. marketing managers use price-oriented promotions, such as coupons, rebates, and price discounts to ontogenesis sales and market share, tempt consumers to trial, and encourage them to switch brands or stores. Non-price promotions such as sweepstakes, 7frequent user clubs, and premiums add excitement and value to brands and may increase. brand attractiveness. In addition, consumers like promotions. They provide utilitarian benefits such as monetary savings, increased quality (higher quality products become attainable), and convenience, as well as hedonistic benefits such as en tertainment, exploration, and self-expression (Huff and Alden 1998, Chandon et al. 2000).Blattberg and Neslin (1990) stated that the persuade of sales promotions could be exerted in many ways. The consumer give the sack be work outd to adjustment purchase timing or purchase quantity, switch brands, increase consumption of the product category, switch stores, or search for promotions. However, not all consumers are influenced in the same way. For example, few(prenominal) consumers might be influenced to switch brands but not change their purchase timing, while others might be influenced to change timing but not brands. Still others might be influenced in both ways. Blattberg and Neslin (1990) concluded that promotion response is therefore a multidimensional concept.Identification of the degree to which a certain consumer is influenced by a promotion? Figuring out, whether there are some consumers who respond to every sales promotion? Are there differences between theatres in t he way they react to promotions, does one household show consistent brand switch behavior, whereas a second household shows consistent purchase acceleration behavior? These are questions we want to answer with this study.Retailers also want to know how plotted decisions such as the product range is to be offered in their stores and how these planned decisions such as price promotions and special displays affect the likelihood of consumers adding pulsation behavior to their sales.Research QuestionsWith respect to the effects of sales promotions we have formulated one central research question. Under which conditions and in what way do sales promotions influence household purchase behavior? We have investigated the impact of sales promotions on purchase behavior at the individual household level.We agree with Blattberg and Neslin (1990) in the sense that promotion response can be exerted in many ways. There are so many factors that can influence a consumer promotion purchase behavior .1.4 Scientific ContributionA considerable amount of research has been undertaken in an attempt to identify and understand consumer promotion response. Different operationalizations and measures of promotion response have been developed and applied. This abundance hampers comparison and makes the prospect of building a cumulative tradition for promotion response elusive. Furthermore, a large part of the empirical work is not grounded on consumer behavior theory. We provide an integrated framework that describes the effects of sales promotion on household purchase behavior applying insights from consumer behavior theories. Furthermore, measures are developed for household sales promotion response. We investigate whether the observed magnitudes of the promotion response variables can be explained by observable household characteristics (such as kind class, available time, size and composition), product category characteristics (such as average price level, number of brands), and prom otion environment variables (which promotion types were present).Furthermore, we will present an intertemporal decomposition of household promotion response to picture out to what degree the different sales promotion reaction mechanisms are exhibited in household purchase behavior in spite of appearance and across categories. The intertemporal aspect means that besides effects during the promotion itself, also pre-and post-promotional effects are taken into account.The microscopic level of research offers the opportunity to study (in)consistencies in household purchase behavior within and across different product categories to make a statement about the concept of deal proneness.1.5 managerial RelevanceThe results and insights prevailed concerning the promotion response will be used to infer conclusions about the effects of sales promotions. Do specific sales promotion types in the main lead to stockpiling behavior, therefore not really rewarding, or do some consumers really con sume more (category expansion). What household characteristics and product category characteristics are principal(prenominal) in explaining the effects of sales promotions? Are some categories more attractive to promote than others?The results on category expansion effects form an important indicator of retailer and manufacturer profitability. They could be used as a starting point for deriving estimates of these profitabilities, though that is outside the scope of this dissertation.Currently, everyday humiliated pricing (EDLP) is appearing in managerial circles. The change from a promotion-intensive environment (the so-called high-low pricing) to an environment characterized by lower average prices and fewer promotions has interesting short- and semipermanent implications for brand choice, store choice, purchase acceleration, category expansion, and repeat purchasing. It is therefore interesting to know the portionage of households whose purchase behavior is influenced by promo tions. Promotion shoppers could abandon EDLP stores and EDLP brands.Furthermore, incorporating demographic variables in household purchase behavior models is conceptually appealing and has numerous managerial benefits. Retailers and brand managers can assess demographic variations in demand and marketing mix response in order to implement micromarketing strategies (Neslin et al. 1994, Kalyanam and Putler 1997). For example, a retailer planning to locate a new outlet can get some sense of the differences in demand patters and price and promotion sensitivities in the new trading area in order to make initial stocking, inventory, pricing, and promotion decisions. conditional relation RATIONALEResearches and techniques are continuously being added in the field of sales promotion (Lancaster Massingham). many of the sales promotion researches described the impact of demographics on deal-prone consumers and explained the impact of their income, gender and ownership on their purchase pate rn (Bawa and Shoemaker 1987 Blattberg et al. 1978) and other researches explored personal traits such as coupon-proneness, value-consciousness or market mavenism (Feickand Price 1987 Inman, McAlister and Hoyer 1990 Lichtenstein, Netemeyer and Burton 1990, 1995 Mittal 1994). Influences of personal (self-image) and social characteristics on impulsive buying behavior has been explored (Dittmar, Beatie and Friese 1996)We acknowledge that consumer characteristics also influence impulse purchase decisions but our research is directed at factors over which retailers have control. found on previous impulse research, we obtained measures of consumer characteristics that have been shown to influence impulsive buying behavior and include these variables in our research so potential space of relationship between the sales promotions and consumer impulse buying behavior exist. Keeping this gap in mind, our research contributes to defining the relationship between these two concepts.OBJECTIVESO ur study has three general objectives. The first is to develop a conceptual model to describe the relationship between sales promotion and consumer impulse buying behavior. It also indicates how retailers can influence promotional activity and use information on consumer purchasing decision. The second objective is to conduct an empirical analysis of the model. These findings are expected to emend our brain of how consumers react to price promotions. The third objective is to test hypothesis. These findings could be used to segment the market, for mailing coupons, for designing specific promotions.LITERATURE REVIEWA lot of research work have been done in the area of consumer behavior in which, its relationship is associated with the different aspects of marketing for example advertisement, quality of the product or services, pricing acceptability of the product, bundling and promotional frames were influencing the comprehend value of the product, variety seeking and reinforcement behavior that resulted in purchase intention (Munger Dhruv, 2003 Joseph, 1999 Barbara Jagmohan, 1991 Joseph, Carl Terence, 1999 Aridhan, Imarn Robert, 1991 Donald, Nancy Richard, 1993 Charles Michael, 1982 Manohar Chi, 1992 Carl, kamel Douglas, 1998 ).Many a researches examining impulsive buying have used the barriers Impulsive buying and Unplanned buying interchangeably (Kollat Wallet, 1969 Stern, 1962). Consumer statement that they had purchased those items, which they had, no intention of purchasing, prior(prenominal) to entering the store were generally conceptualized as impulsive buying. This rendering of impulsive buying was one of the reasons for the researchers to investigate the issues related to shelving displays that facilitate purchasing.Impulsive buying behavior is a sudden compelling hedonically complex purchasing behavior in which the rapidity of the impulse purchase decision process predicts thoughtful deliberate condition of information and choice alte rnative (Kacen Xu, 2001).Furthermore Charles and Michael (1982) examined marketing and financial implications of offering a discount to retail customers to encourage cash payment rather than cite card payment to increase buying behavior. Also in research study published by American Marketing Association of Aradhna, Imran and Robert (1991) explained the relationship of promotional activity with consumer perception comprehensively.The use of different sales promotion techniques varies substantially from one country to another. Promotions provoke two reactions in people .The first is an increase in consumption, i.e. more quantity of a product is acquired. The second is storage of the product for the future, i.e. the consumer acts anticipating his purchases. On the other hand, it is possible that consumers who do not buy the brand will want to acquire it because they are attracted by the sales promotion (Gupta, 1993).However, Brandweek (1994) found that some people who change brand du e to a promotion change keystone to their favorite brand when buying that category of product later. It is necessary to highlight that the use of sales promotions to encourage brand and product purchase and consumption has to be sufficient.However it is necessary to stay alert, as the opposite effect could be provoked on certain occasions. This occurs when the consumer perceives that he is paying for needless activities to enhance and position the product this then provokes the opposite effect to the desired effect, i.e. the consumer will stop buying the promoted brand (Simonson, 1989). It is also possible that the consumer avoids buying the promoted brands so as not to have to justify his behavior to his peer group. There is also another reason why promotion may not obtain the expected results the consumer may feel he is being manipulated and will punish the retailer by not purchasing the promoted brand or product (Simonson, 1989).client perceived value is thus the difference bet ween the prospective customers evaluation of all benefits and all the costs of an offering and perceived alternatives. Total customers value is the perceived monetary value of the bundle of economic, functional and mental benefits customers expect from a given market offering. (Marketing management 12 e, page no 141, Philip Kotler and Kelvine Lane Keller, 2005)Marketing analysts have shown that consumers can be characterized based on their brand purchasing patterns within a product class (Morrison, 1966). For example, some consumers purchase behavior can be characterized as reinforcing, i.e., a tendency to repurchase the last brand bought (Morrison, 1966 Jeuland, 1979), while other consumers purchase behavior can be characterized as variety-seeking, i.e., a tendency to shift away from the last brand purchased (Givon, 1984 Kalwani, 1992 Morrison, 1966).Several models of consumer response to promotions suggest that a current decision on brand and purchase quantity depends on the expe cted time until the next price reduction and the expected size of future reduction.Blattberg, Peacock, Robert and Sen (1978) define a purchase strategy as a general buying pattern which in corporates several dimensions of buying behavior such as brand loyalty, private brand proneness and deal proneness.Researchers studying the brand choice decision for example, Gupta (1988), Schneider and imran (1990) have found promotions to be associated with brand switching.It was found that all the individuals have built-in impulsive spending mechanisms (1) Desire to buy, and (2) Ability to control urge of buying. When the former overtakes later then it results in impulsive spending (Hoch Lowenstein, 1991 Mischel Ayduk, 2004 Mischel Ebessen, 1970).Research findings suggest that emotions and feelings play a decisive role in purchasing, triggered by seeing the product or upon exposure to a well crafted promotional message. Such purchases ranges from small (chocolate, clothing, magazines) to subs tantially large (jewelry, vehicle, work of art) and usually (about 80 percent of the time) lead to problems such as financial difficulties, family disapproval, or feeling of guilt or disappointment. Moods also influence the impulsive buying behavior. Researchers found that that the respondents were of the opinion that the most frequently mentioned mood state for stimulating impulse purchase was pleasure followed by mood states care free and excited. Consumer believes that, impulsive buying helps in extending these feelings. almost of researchers findings are that positive moods facilitate impulsive buying, but a few researchers also found that negative moods also facilitate impulsive buying (Gardner Rook, 1987) prohibit moods adversely affect self control, therefore, the individual fell prey to impulsive buying (Herman Polivy, 2004). Consumer in negative mood turns to purchasing with the hope that this would alleviate their caustic mood (Mick Demoss, 1990).Rook (1987) defined impulse buying as when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately. We extend this definition slightly. Impulse buying is sudden and immediate purchase with no pre-shopping intentions either to buy the specific product category or to fulfill a specific buying task. The behavior occurs after experiencing an urge to buy and it tends to be spontaneous and without a lot of reflection (i.e., it is impulsive). It does not include the purchase of a elementary reminder item, which is an item that is simply out-of-stock at home. Dramatic increases in personal disposable incomes and credit availability have made impulse buying in retail environments a prevalent consumer behavior (Dittmar, Beattie Friese 1996 Ferrell 1998).Impulse buying behavior is sudden and compelling (Bayley Nancarrow, 1998). Several researchers have reported that consumers do not view impulse purchasing as wrong rather, consumers retrospectively convey a favorable ev aluation of their behavior (Dittmar, Beattie Friese, 1996 Hausman, 2000 Rook, 1987).Other researchers have treated impulse buying as an individual difference variable with the expectation that it is likely to influence decision making across situations (Beatty Ferrell, 1998).Our research project is going to be study the impact of sales promotion on consumer impulse buying behavior because we have not found work done on this topic.Theoretical trap workThe two major concepts examined in this research are sales promotions and consumer impulsive buying behavior. The brief introduction to these concepts is as belowConsumer Buying Behavior. Buying behavior of people who purchase products for personal or household use and not for business purposes.Impulse buyingAn unplanned buying behavior resulting from a powerful urge to buy something immediately. 179Routinized Response Behavior. A type of consumer problem solving process used when buying frequently purchased, low cost ietems that a cquire very little search and decision effort. 178Limited Problem Solving. A type of consumer problem solving process that buyers use when purchasing products occasionally or when they need information aboutan unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category.178Extended Problem Solving. Type of consumer problem solving process assiduous when purchasing unfamiliar, expensive or infrequently bought products.178Foundations of Marketing (2nd ed) 2007 Page 177 By William M. Pride, O. C. Ferrell Chapter 8 Consumer Buying Behavior, PublisherCengage LearningHYPOTHESISH1 There is positive relationship between Sales promotions and consumer impulse buying behavior.H2 Female consumers are attracted more by sales promotions as compared to male consumersH3 Responsiveness to sales promotions is more in young consumers as compared to old consumersH4 Low income consumers are attracted more by sales promotions as compared to high income consumersDependent VariableIn our analysis, consumer impulse buy ing behavior is our dependent variable.Independent VariableIndependent variable is Sales promotion.Relationship between Dependent and Independent VariableConsumerImpulseBuyingBehaviorSalesPromotionIndependent Variable Dependent VariableOperational DefinitionsSales Promotion- Short term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service (Kotler, Armstrong 1999).Dimensions of Sales PromotionsIncentives- These are benefits given by retailer such as coupons, cash rebates, advertisement specialty price packs (e.g. 50% off) to consumers.Offer Period- It is the lengths of time for which the consumer can avail the incentives given by retailers e.g. 3 month spring season offer, Eid offer, Ramzan offer etc.Return Policies- It is the money back guarantee or replacement of the products given by the retailer to increase the confidence of the consumer.Consumer Impulse Buying BehaviorImpulse buying as when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy so mething immediately. (Rook, Dennis and Stephen, 1985)Dimensions of Consumer Impulse Buying BehaviorIncome Level It plays an important role while determining the consumer impulse buying behavior as it helps the consumer to decide about the purchase of the product.Worth of the Product- It is the value of the product for consumer e.g. consumer impulse buying behavior is affected by the price packs given of those products which have worth for consumers.Tendency to Spend- It is the potency and likelihood in one self that he or she spends money irrationally.Research DesignA research design according to Zikmund (1997), a master plan by which we specify the techniques and operations for collection and examination of the required information (p. 199).Choice of researchThe choice of research will be Causal Research which describes data and characteristics about the population or event being studied. It allows us to have great understanding (Zikmund, 1997). Descriptive research tends to be v ery structured and strict for the collection of data (Stevens, Wrenn, Ruddick, Sherwood, 2000). The purpose of using this research is that it will help understanding the attitudes and behavior of customers, who are likely to respond towards the organizations undertaking a societal marketing campaign and hence, the degree to which societal marketing and corporate image are connected will be determined (Kin upright Taylor, 1996). Hence, this design is most sui parry to examine the impact of societal marketing on customer behavior towards corporate image.SamplingSampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population, so that a study of the sample and understanding of its properties would make it possible for us to vulgarize such properties to the population element.Population. The population relevant to a study is described as a complete group of entities that share some common develop of characteristics (Zikmund, 1997, p. 414). Target population i s considered for this study was adult consumers with age 20-45+ years whose income range Rs.15000-55000+ available in the retail markets of Pakistan. The departmental stores and superstores offers a good place to find this kind of population.Sampling frame. The sampling frame in this study will be the customers visiting Makro, Metro and Hyperstar located in Lahore. Each customer in the store is a single member of the population and is defined as a sample unit (Zikmund, 1997).Sampling method. To understand how sales promotion affects the consumer impulse buying behavior a self administered survey was conducted at major super stores METRO, Makro and Hyperstar at Lahore. A probability sampling method has been used for analysis as all the customersSample size. Data from 80 respondents was collected due to budget and times constraints.InstrumentsSales promotion- A five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree/Strongly Disagree) was espouse in the questionnaire. It contained 12 statements.Cons umer impulse buying behavior- A five-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree/Strongly Disagree) was adopted in the questionnaire. It contained 13 statements.Statement 9 is more psychological in nature and statement i4 is a repeated statement, so it was dropped while analyzing data.REsults and Analysis5.1 Reliability AnalysisAll questionnaires were valid for analysis as missing values were converted 3 (neither agree nor disagree). For a reliability check, the Cronbachs Alpha of each scale above 0.60 found, as shown in the following table.6 treatmentFrom table 1 it can be interpret that measurement scale of sales promotion is 66.5% reliable and consumer impulse buying behavior is 69.5% reliable. Form table 2 it can be interpreted that the hypothesis is true and the two variables are positively correlated and level of significance is .005 for to tailed and confidence detachment is 99%. Table 4 represents that while calculating regression Enter Method is used . From table 5 it is interpre ted that Value of adjusted R2 (.099) shows the effect independent variable on dependent variable, remaining effect will be caused by other variables which are not the part of this study. Table 5 represents ANOVA summary also from this analysis significance is found .005.from table 6 the coefficient of independent variable sales promotion =0.334 have appositive effect on dependent variable consumer impulse buying behavior.Fig1 shows the regression line and variation can be seen through scattered points which are almost near the line.Fig2 show the pattern of data represented by histogram and the curve shows normal distribution pattern.7 ConclusionsOur study focused on understanding the relationship sales promotion to consumer impulse buying behavior. Charles and Michael (1982) proved in their research that cash discount can increase the customer buying behavior. Similarly Givon(1984) and kalwani (1992) proved their research of increasing sales through variety seeking behaviors , Morri son (1966) developed the relationship of buying behavior with consumer status ,and Blattberg (1978) same devlope relationship with buying behavior but with brand loyality ,Schneider and imran (1990) have found promotions to be associated with brand switching. So we got area to find significance relationship between sales promotion and consumer impulse tippytoe behaviorThe answer to our research study concerning the relative strength of the retail environment in impulse purchases is deep this is not to say that if a retailer puts items on special display they will not generate impulsive purchases, they will. Our study makes a useful contribution to retailers understanding of impulsive buying behavior among consumers.8 LimitationsFirst, the data comes from a small panel and from a very small area whereas researchers gather data in forms of thousands. Second, while we have included the major gap that exists between variables to influence impulse buying behavior, there is the possibili ty that other unmeasured factors (e.g. time of day) also influence purchase decisions. trine Shortage of time was another limitation in this study. Due to which data collected was limited to very small area. Last but not least the respondents were very non-serious many questioners were found on which pattern of filling questionnaires found.9 Future ImplicationThe results of this study can be helpful for retailers. One of the major implications of this research is that retailers can increase sales by offering the right promotional tools to encourage product sale. So decision should carefully be planned. Promotions that mark in-store display, cash rebates, and price packs are likely to be more effective than coupons.Another fruitful area that a retailer must keep in mind that the promotion pattern should be regular or long lasting so that consumer perception can be improved .Giving short term incentives for temporary periods can cause low quality perception in consumer s which can e ffect impulse purchaseTo increase impulse purchase at store a wide range of competitors products can be helpful to encourage impulse purchase since consumer compare price level and a deep discount is attractive to them.Our research project is comprised to pilot study there is a great potential